中国农业科学 ›› 2019, Vol. 52 ›› Issue (13): 2328-2340.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2019.13.011
曹风1,2,刘璇1,毕金峰1(),吴昕烨1,张彪1,刘嘉宁1
收稿日期:
2019-01-09
接受日期:
2019-05-13
出版日期:
2019-07-01
发布日期:
2019-07-11
通讯作者:
毕金峰
作者简介:
曹风,E-mail:caofengup@163.com
基金资助:
CAO Feng1,2,LIU Xuan1,BI JinFeng1(),WU XinYe1,ZHANG Biao1,LIU JiaNing1
Received:
2019-01-09
Accepted:
2019-05-13
Online:
2019-07-01
Published:
2019-07-11
Contact:
JinFeng BI
摘要:
【目的】比较分析不同品种苹果原料果胶结构的差异性,为品种识别提供帮助,为苹果相关产品的加工以及苹果副产物的利用提供理论数据基础。【方法】以来自全国7个产区的14个品种20份苹果样品为研究对象,由每份苹果的细胞壁物质(alcohol-insoluble residue,AIR)提取3种类型果胶:水溶性果胶(water-soluble pectin,WSP)、螯合性果胶(CDTA-soluble pectin,CSP)及碱溶性果胶(Na2CO3-soluble pectin,NSP),研究分析果胶的半乳糖醛酸(galacturonic acid,GalA)含量、酯化度、重均分子量(weight-average molar mass,Mw)、中性糖含量以及结构官能团,并进行主成分分析以及热图分析。【结果】不同品种苹果样本间果胶特性存在一定差异性。3种类型果胶含量以NSP半乳糖醛酸含量最多,WSP次之,CSP含量最少,最富含果胶含量的苹果品种是‘澳洲青苹’(215.75 mg GalA·g-1 AIR),产自不同地区的‘富士’(栖霞、新疆、青岛‘烟6’、河北‘三优’)苹果的各果胶半乳糖醛酸含量有着较大的差异;‘秋锦’的WSP甲酯化度最高,CSP的甲酯化度偏高,且大多数为高酯化度果胶;WSP的乙酰化度均在3.5%以下;WSP的Mw在各品种苹果间差异性最为显著,辽宁‘华月’WSP的Mw最高;‘红将军’WSP的Mw/Mn高于其他品种,但其CSP的Mw/Mn低于其他品种;Mw/Mn在3种类型果胶间差异性较小;中性糖含量组成均以鼠李糖、阿拉伯糖、半乳糖3种单糖居多,岩藻糖、木糖、甘露糖呈微量状态,葡萄糖存在居多的原因可能是在果胶的提取过程中,有可溶性淀粉、糊精或低聚糖混杂;各果胶以同型聚半乳糖醛酸和鼠李聚半乳糖醛酸II型结构为主,且果胶侧链较多;主成分分析得出苹果样本间的主要差异性指标为WSP的半乳糖含量、阿拉伯糖含量、岩藻糖含量以及CSP的半乳糖含量、鼠李糖含量、中性糖比率(鼠李糖与半乳糖醛酸含量的比值)。【结论】不同品种苹果原料中3种类型果胶的含量及其结构存在一定的差异性,具有父本、母本等基因杂交关系的苹果品种的果胶结构特点间存在关联性,研究可为苹果育种与种植结构调整提供理论支持。
曹风,刘璇,毕金峰,吴昕烨,张彪,刘嘉宁. 不同品种苹果果胶含量及结构差异分析[J]. 中国农业科学, 2019, 52(13): 2328-2340.
CAO Feng,LIU Xuan,BI JinFeng,WU XinYe,ZHANG Biao,LIU JiaNing. Difference Analysis of Pectin Content and Structure from Various Apple Cultivars[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2019, 52(13): 2328-2340.
表1
苹果品种与产地"
序号 No. | 品种 Cultivar | 产地 Geographical origin | 序号 No. | 品种 Cultivar | 产地 Geographical origin | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 富士Fuji | 山东栖霞Qixia, Shandong | 11 | 华金Huajin | 辽宁葫芦岛Huludao, Liaoning | |
2 | 烟富6号Yanfu6 | 山东青岛Qingdao, Shandong | 12 | 华月Huayue | 辽宁葫芦岛Huludao, Liaoning | |
3 | 富士Fuji | 新疆 Xinjiang | 13 | 秋锦Qiujin | 辽宁葫芦岛Huludao, Liaoning | |
4 | 三优富士Sanyou Fuji | 河北Hebei | 14 | 乔纳金Jonagold | 辽宁葫芦岛Huludao, Liaoning | |
5 | 半坡秦冠Banpo Qinguan | 山西运城Yuncheng, Shanxi | 15 | 红将军Hongjiangjun | 山东淄博Zibo, Shandong | |
6 | 秦冠Qinguan | 甘肃平凉Pingliang, Gansu | 16 | 国光Ralls | 山东淄博Zibo, Shandong | |
7 | 金冠Golden Delicious | 甘肃平凉Pingliang, Gansu | 17 | 花牛Huaniu | 甘肃平凉Pingliang, Gansu | |
8 | 金冠Golden Delicious | 山东泰安Taian, Shandong | 18 | 秦红Qinhong | 陕西咸阳Xianyang, Shaanxi | |
9 | 新红星Starkrimson | 山东泰安Taian, Shandong | 19 | 长蜜欧Changmiou | 陕西咸阳Xianyang, Shaanxi | |
10 | 新红星Starkrimson | 辽宁葫芦岛Huludao, Liaoning | 20 | 澳洲青苹Granny Smith | 陕西咸阳Xianyang, Shaanxi |
表2
果胶指标及其编号"
指标 Index | 编号 Number | 指标 Index | 编号 Number | 指标 Index | 编号 Number | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
水溶性果胶Water-soluble pectin | 半乳糖醛酸含量Galacturonic acid content | W1 | 螯合性果胶CDTA-soluble pectin | 半乳糖醛酸含量 Galacturonic acid content | C1 | 碱溶性果胶Na2CO3- soluble pectin | 半乳糖醛酸含量Galacturonic acid content | N1 | ||
甲酯化度 Degree of methoxylation | W2 | 甲酯化度 Degree of methoxylation | C2 | |||||||
乙酰化度 Degree of acetylation | W3 | |||||||||
重均分子量 Weight-average molar mass | W4 | 重均分子量 Weight-average molar mass | C4 | 重均分子量 Weight-average molar mass | N4 | |||||
多分散系数 Polydispersity coefficient | W5 | 多分散系数 Polydispersity coefficient | C5 | 多分散系数 Polydispersity coefficient | N5 | |||||
岩藻糖Fucose | W6 | 岩藻糖Fucose | C6 | 岩藻糖Fucose | N6 | |||||
鼠李糖Rhamnose | W7 | 鼠李糖Rhamnose | C7 | 鼠李糖Rhamnose | N10 | |||||
阿拉伯糖Arabinose | W8 | 阿拉伯糖Arabinose | C8 | 阿拉伯糖Arabinose | N11 | |||||
半乳糖Galactose | W9 | 半乳糖Galactose | C9 | 半乳糖Galactose | N12 | |||||
葡萄糖Glucose | W10 | 葡萄糖glucose | C10 | 葡萄糖glucose | N13 | |||||
木糖Xylose | W11 | 木糖Xylose | C11 | 木糖Xylose | N14 | |||||
甘露糖Mannose | W12 | 甘露糖Mannose | C12 | 甘露糖Mannose | N15 | |||||
Ⅰ | W13 | Ⅰ | C13 | Ⅰ | ||||||
Ⅱ | W14 | Ⅱ | C14 | Ⅱ | ||||||
Ⅲ | W15 | Ⅲ | C15 | Ⅲ |
表3
不同品种苹果原料中果胶指标均值分析"
序号 No. | W1 (mg GalA?g-1 AIR) | C1 (mg GalA?g-1 AIR) | N1 (mg GalA?g-1 AIR) | W2 (%) | C2 (%) | W3 (%) | W4 (×105 Da) | C4 (×105 Da) | N4 (×105 Da) | W5 | C5 | N5 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1, 2, 3, 4 | 54.64 | 45.38 | 92.76 | 56.04 | 65.31 | 1.87 | 4.98 | 2.56 | 1.40 | 2.12 | 1.52 | 2.15 |
5, 6 | 108.77 | 43.96 | 153.05 | 43.22 | 81.49 | 1.63 | 6.04 | 4.22 | 1.60 | 1.82 | 1.70 | 1.91 |
7, 8 | 51.39 | 28.55 | 94.18 | 63.50 | 64.07 | 2.75 | 6.81 | 5.06 | 1.71 | 1.98 | 1.94 | 2.16 |
9, 10 | 77.25 | 60.87 | 91.62 | 46.74 | 53.25 | 1.98 | 5.20 | 3.70 | 1.22 | 1.74 | 1.87 | 2.04 |
11 | 45.36 | 32.42 | 65.25 | 55.38 | 61.09 | 1.06 | 12.68 | 2.26 | 3.58 | 1.64 | 1.88 | 2.53 |
12 | 66.68 | 38.22 | 139.23 | 40.61 | 36.09 | 0.67 | 31.63 | 3.20 | 1.57 | 1.36 | 1.68 | 2.47 |
13 | 48.81 | 31.50 | 102.14 | 80.34 | 85.06 | 2.94 | 3.35 | 4.12 | 1.01 | 2.61 | 1.68 | 1.88 |
14 | 47.32 | 36.00 | 98.62 | 57.40 | 82.83 | 2.35 | 6.14 | 6.04 | 5.34 | 1.74 | 1.70 | 1.96 |
15 | 40.81 | 29.50 | 91.55 | 47.58 | 90.70 | 1.77 | 7.49 | 3.53 | 1.75 | 2.67 | 1.44 | 2.18 |
16 | 38.14 | 43.65 | 107.80 | 62.18 | 86.30 | 2.47 | 11.73 | 3.60 | 1.52 | 2.08 | 1.62 | 2.18 |
17 | 80.36 | 43.40 | 105.55 | 54.20 | 85.04 | 1.81 | 4.30 | 3.81 | 1.40 | 1.56 | 1.47 | 2.14 |
18 | 30.73 | 20.04 | 77.49 | 66.81 | 71.37 | 2.71 | 6.37 | 4.34 | 2.28 | 2.24 | 1.64 | 2.28 |
19 | 55.84 | 37.60 | 118.61 | 55.51 | 75.94 | 2.19 | 13.30 | 7.18 | 1.36 | 2.28 | 2.21 | 2.64 |
20 | 68.43 | 53.60 | 215.75 | 46.89 | 81.66 | 2.04 | 1.66 | 3.05 | 5.00 | 2.49 | 1.59 | 2.50 |
表4
不同品种苹果原料WSP、CSP及NSP的中性糖比率"
序号 No. | 水溶性果胶Water-soluble pectin | 螯合性果胶 CDTA-soluble pectin | 碱溶性果胶Na2CO3-soluble pectin | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
I | II | III | I | II | III | I | II | III | |
1 | 5.47±0.44fghi | 0.02±0.00bc | 8.39±0.76bcde | — | — | — | — | 0.02±0.00de | 5.07±0.15def |
2 | 9.84±0.80cd | 0.01±0.00d | 7.00±0.36def | — | 0.00±0.00e | 8.24±0.00cde | — | 0.03±0.00cde | 5.36±0.87def |
3 | 9.13±0.78cde | 0.01±0.00d | 10.89±2.97ab | — | 0.00±0.00e | 11.78±0.59bcd | — | 0.02±0.00de | 6.17±0.18bcdef |
4 | 10.2±0.86c | 0.01±0.00d | 6.16±0.85def | — | 0.00±0.00e | 8.36±1.35cde | — | 0.07±0.01a | 5.76±1.53cdef |
5 | — | 0.01±0.00d | 8.64±1.22bcde | — | 0.00±0.00e | 10.97±1.00cd | 13.27±1.23a | 0.01±0.00e | 5.34±0.64def |
6 | 10.5±0.42c | 0.01±0.00d | 7.00±0.26def | — | 0.03±0.00a | 8.05±0.70cde | — | 0.03±0.00cde | 7.54±0.06abc |
7 | 2.51±0.20i | 0.04±0.00a | 9.09±1.19bcd | — | 0.02±0.00b | 8.23±1.04cde | — | 0.03±0.00de | 8.60±1.35a |
8 | 7.22±0.45cdefgh | 0.02±0.00bc | 4.63±0.85f | — | 0.01±0.00c | 6.11±1.02cde | — | — | — |
9 | 6.63±0.09defgh | 0.01±0.00cd | 8.20±1.05bcde | — | 0.00±0.00e | 9.91±1.36cde | — | 0.02±0.00de | 5.38±0.86def |
10 | 5.91±0.42efgh | 0.01±0.00d | 13.39±2.79a | 7.18±0.22 | 0.00±0.00e | 29.28±3.24a | — | 0.02±0.00e | 4.70±0.86f |
11 | 5.38±0.05ghi | 0.02±0.00b | 5.98±0.67ef | — | 0.01±0.00c | 8.36±0.24cde | — | 0.05±0.00bc | 4.92±0.35def |
12 | 14.95±1.65b | 0.01±0.00d | 10.06±0.76bc | — | — | — | — | 0.01±0.00e | 5.93±0.77cdef |
13 | 9.09±0.68cde | 0.01±0.00d | 10.85±0.57ab | — | 0.01±0.00c | 18.33±3.20b | — | 0.03±0.00cde | 7.92±1.51ab |
14 | 6.41±0.01defgh | 0.01±0.00d | 10.49±1.22b | — | — | — | — | 0.03±0.00cde | 4.90±0.08ef |
15 | 8.90±0.41cdef | 0.01±0.00d | 7.31±0.84cdef | — | 0.00±0.00e | 7.41±0.63cde | — | 0.04±0.00bcd | 5.42±0.24def |
16 | 6.12±0.79efgh | 0.02±0.00bc | 6.15±0.62def | — | 0.00±0.00e | 9.85±0.57cde | — | 0.05±0.01ab | 6.44±0.37bcdef |
17 | 8.70±0.13cdefg | 0.01±0.00d | 6.53±0.73def | — | 0.00±0.00e | 12.66±2.60bc | — | 0.02±0.00de | 7.98±0.45ab |
18 | 6.69±0.54defgh | 0.02±0.00bc | 5.16±0.20f | — | 0.01±0.00c | 10.73±0.02cd | — | 0.02±0.00e | 6.89±0.18abcde |
19 | 4.59±0.16hi | 0.02±0.00bc | 8.24±1.43bcde | — | 0.02±0.00b | 11.77±1.21bcd | — | 0.02±0.00de | 8.39±0.72a |
20 | 20.13±2.04a | 0.01±0.00d | 8.3±1.01bcde | — | — | — | 6.18±0.70ab | 0.02±0.00de | 6.91±0.04abcd |
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