砂质潮土施用改良剂对土壤动物群落特征的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2022.16.010

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】土壤动物是陆地生态系统中重要组成部分。研究土壤动物与农田施用有机、无机改良剂的关系,有助于揭示改良剂对土壤动物的影响机制。【方法】2016—2019年,在小麦玉米轮作区土壤中设施用有机改良剂15 t·hm^-2（YJ）、无机改良剂2.25 t·hm^-2（WJ）、有机改良剂15 t·hm^-2+无机改良剂2.25 t·hm^-2（YW）和未施改良剂（CK）4个处理,研究其对0—20 cm表层土壤动物群落组成与多样性的影响。【结果】研究时段,共采集到土壤动物4 351只,隶属8纲20目41科44类。其中,大型土壤动物28类,食虫虻科和切叶蚁亚科为优势类群,占所捕获大型土壤动物总数的62.9%;中小型土壤动物14类,螨和甲螨亚目为优势类群,占所捕获中小型土壤动物总数的93.0%。土壤动物营养功能类群以腐食性和杂食性为主。数据显示,WJ处理土壤动物个体数和类群数最多,YJ处理的最少。与CK相比,施用改良剂后土壤中幺蚰科、绥螨科、蛱??科等的数量减少且丰富度指数降低,而蜱螨类动物数量增大而优势度指数偏高。不同年度间,土壤中小型动物群落的个体数量和多样性指数存在显著差异（P<0.05）,且个体数呈现逐渐上升的趋势。不同处理间,Jaccard指数（q）均小于0.50,大型土壤动物群落相似性均低于中小型土壤动物群落的相似性。改良剂干扰下螨、甲螨亚目和棘跳科等中小型土壤动物生态位宽度偏高,切叶蚁亚科等大型土壤动物生态位宽度普遍较小,但生态位重叠指数均大于0.97,显示施用改良剂后土壤动物共有资源增加。非度量多维尺度法（NMDS）分析显示,2018年小麦季土壤动物群落与其他年份之间差异显著,玉米季2016年与2018、2019年间有差异。冗余分析（RDA）分析发现,小麦季土壤全氮、有效钾是影响土壤螨类、甲螨亚目、棘跳科、奇蝽科、步甲科数量的主要因子（P<0.05）;玉米季土壤有机质、pH是影响土壤螨类、奇蝽科、尖眼覃蚊科、食虫虻科的主要因子（P<0.05）。主效应曲线（PRC）分析表明,有机改良剂处理下,尾足螨科的相对多度在2017年10月达到峰值,食虫虻科和切叶蚁亚科的相对多度在2016年10月达到峰值;有机无机改良剂配施处理下,棘跳科、螨和甲螨亚目的相对多度在2016年10月达到峰值,管蓟马科和奇蝽科在2019年出现并在2019年10月达到峰值,显示土壤动物类群对改良剂的响应不一致。【结论】改良剂对土壤动物的影响低于年度间变化,且主要通过影响土壤pH、有机质和全氮含量,从而影响砂质潮土中动物群落特征。

关键词: 土壤改良剂, 大、中小型土壤动物, 群落结构, 多样性, 生态位

Abstract:

【Objective】 Soil fauna is an important component of terrestrial ecosystem, therefore, the studying of the relationship between soil fauna and amendments will help reveal the mechanism of amendments to soil fauna.【Method】During 2016-2019, the characteristics of the soil fauna community in the soil surface layer (0-20 cm) of wheat and maize rotation area with different amendments were investigated. There were four treatments, including no amendment (CK), organic amendment 15 t·hm^-2 (YJ), inorganic amendment 2.25 t·hm^-2 (WJ) and organic amendment 15 t·hm^-2+inorganic amendment 2.25 t·hm^-2 (YW). 【Result】During the study period, 4 351 soil fauna belonging to 8 classes, 20 orders, 41 families, and 44 classes were collected, of which 28 families were macrofauna, and the dominant groups were Asilidae and Myrmicinae, accounting for 62.9% of the total captured soil macrofauna. In another, 14 families soil meso-and micro-fauna were collected, and the dominant groups were Acarid and Oribatida, accounting for 93.0% of the total captured soil meso- and micro-fauna. Soil fauna mainly belonged to saprozoic and omnivores. The data indicated that the total number and taxa of soil fauna collected during the experiment was the highest under WJ, and the lowest under YJ. The number of Scutigerellidae, Sejidae and Japygidae decreased and their richness index decreased, while the mites increased, and the dominance index was high under amendments comparing with CK. There were significant differences in individual number and diversity index of small and medium animal communities among different years (P<0.05), and the number of individuals showed a gradually increasing trend; but the Jaccard index (q) of soil fauna was less than 0.50 among all treatments, and the similarity of macrofauna community was lower than that of meso- and micro- community. The ecological niche widths of meso- and micro- soil fauna, such as Acarid, Oribatida, and Onychiuridae, were higher than those of macrofauna, such as Myrmicinae. However, the niche overlap index was higher than 0.97, indicating that the application of amendments increased the common resources of soil fauna. The NMDS analysis showed that the soil animal community in wheat season 2018 was significantly different from that in other years, whereas, in maize season of 2016, 2018, and 2019, there were different. The results of RDA indicated that soil TN and AK were significantly correlated with Acarid, Oribatida, Onychiuridae, Enicocephalidae, Carabidaein wheat season (P<0.05); the soil organic matter and pH were main factors influencing Acarid, Enicocephalidae, Sciaridae, and Asilidae in maize season (P<0.05). The PRC analysis showed that the relative abundance of Uropodidae peaked in October 2017, and that of Asilidae and Myrmicinae peaked in October 2016 under YJ. The relative abundance of Onychiuridae, Acarid, and Oribatida reached a peak in October 2016 under the combined application of organic and inorganic amendments, and that of Phlaeothripidae and Enicocephalidae appeared in 2019 and peaked in October 2019, demonstrating the incongruity of soil fauna groups to the amendments. 【Conclusion】The variation of soil fauna community and diversity in different years were much more profound than amendments, and the amendments modified soil fauna community and diversity mainly by changing soil pH, SOM, and TN in a fluvo-aquic sandy soil.

Key words: soil amendment, macrofauna, meso-and micro-fauna, community composition, diversity, ecological niche

杨静,张贺,李双霜,李桂花,张建峰. 砂质潮土施用改良剂对土壤动物群落特征的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2022, 55(16): 3185-3199.

YANG Jing,ZHANG He,LI ShuangShuang,LI GuiHua,ZHANG JianFeng. Effects of Amendments on Soil Fauna Community Characteristics in a Fluvo-Aquic Sandy Soil[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2022, 55(16): 3185-3199.

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链接本文: https://www.chinaagrisci.com/CN/10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2022.16.010

https://www.chinaagrisci.com/CN/Y2022/V55/I16/3185

图/表 8

表1

表2

2016—2019年研究区农田土壤动物群落组成"

编号No.	名称 Taxa		动物体型 Size	处理 Treatments				丰度Percent	优势度 Degree of dominance	功能群 Guild
编号No.	名称 Taxa		动物体型 Size	CK	YJ	WJ	YW	丰度Percent	优势度 Degree of dominance	功能群 Guild
1	中气门亚目Mesostigmata	螨 Acarid	中小型动物 Meso/Micro fauna	770	597	838	793	70.76	**	腐食性 Saprozoic
2		绥螨科 Sejidae	中小型动物 Meso/Micro fauna 中小型动物 Meso/Micro fauna	2	2		1	0.12		腐食性 Saprozoic
3		尾足螨科 Uropodidae	中小型动物 Meso/Micro fauna	2	6	4		0.28		腐食性 Saprozoic
4	甲螨亚目 Oribatida		中小型动物 Meso/Micro fauna	234	222	257	231	22.27	**	腐食性 Saprozoic
5	前气门亚目Prostigmata	跗线螨科 Tarsonemidae	中小型动物 Meso/Micro fauna			2		0.05		腐食性 Saprozoic
6	前气门亚目Prostigmata	矮蒲螨科 Pygmephoridae	中小型动物 Meso/Micro fauna	1				0.02		腐食性 Saprozoic
7	弹尾目 Collembola	棘跳科 Onychiuridae	中小型动物 Meso/Micro fauna	56	51	80	46	5.50	*	杂食性 Omnivores
8		长角跳科 Entomobryidae	中小型动物 Meso/Micro fauna	3	8	3	1	0.35		杂食性 Omnivores
9		跳虫科 Poduridae	中小型动物 Meso/Micro fauna	5	5	6	2	0.42		杂食性 Omnivores
10		等节跳科 Isotomidae	中小型动物 Meso/Micro fauna				1	0.02		杂食性 Omnivores
11	综合纲 Symphyla	幺蚰科 Scutigerellidae	中小型动物 Meso/Micro fauna	1	2			0.07		腐食性 Saprozoic
12	综合纲 Symphyla	幺蚣科 Scolopenyomidae	中小型动物 Meso/Micro fauna			1		0.88		腐食性 Saprozoic
13	双尾目 Diplura	副蛱??科 Parajapygidae	中小型动物 Meso/Micro fauna		1			0.02		杂食性Omnivores
14	双尾目 Diplura	蛱??科 Japygidae	中小型动物 Meso/Micro fauna	2				0.05		杂食性Omnivores
15	古蚖目 Eosentomata	古蚖科 Eosentomidae	中小型动物 Meso/Micro fauna		1			0.02		杂食性 Omnivores
16	蚖目 Acerentomata	夕蚖科 Hesperentomidae	中小型动物 Meso/Micro fauna	1				0.02		杂食性 Omnivores
17	鞘翅目成虫Coleoptera adult	步甲科 Carabidae	大型动物 Macrofauna	1	2	3	1	6.14	*	捕食性 Predators
18		葬甲科 Silphidae	大型动物 Macrofauna		1			0.88		腐食性 Saprozoic
19		拟花蚤科 Scraptidae	大型动物 Macrofauna			1		0.88		植食性 Phytophage
20		扁甲科 Cucujidae	大型动物 Macrofauna			1		0.88		菌食性 Fungivorousforms
21		隐翅甲科 Staphylinidae	大型动物 Macrofauna	1				0.88		捕食性 Predators
22		长角象甲科 Anthribidae	大型动物 Macrofauna		1	1		1.75	*	植食性 Phytophage
23		小覃甲科Mycetophagidae	大型动物 Macrofauna				1	0.88		植食性 Phytophage
编号No.	名称 Taxa		动物体型 Size	处理 Treatments				丰度Percent	优势度 Degree of dominance	功能群 Guild
编号No.	名称 Taxa		动物体型 Size	CK	YJ	WJ	YW	丰度Percent	优势度 Degree of dominance	功能群 Guild
24		象甲科 Curculionidae	大型动物 Macrofauna		1			0.88		植食性 Phytophage
25	鞘翅目幼虫Coleoptera larvae	花萤科 Cantharidae	大型动物 Macrofauna	1				0.88		捕食性 Predators
26		阎甲科 Histeridae	大型动物 Macrofauna				1	0.88		捕食性 Predators
27		舟蛾幼虫 Notodonidae	大型动物 Macrofauna			1		0.88		植食性 Phytophage
28		食虫虻科 Asilidae	大型动物 Macrofauna	3	10	1	3	14.91	**	捕食性 Predators
29		尖眼覃蚊科 Sciaridae	大型动物 Macrofauna		1	2	1	3.51	*	植食性 Phytophage
30		长足虻科 Dolichopodidae	大型动物 Macrofauna	1				0.88		杂食性 Omnivores
31	蜘蛛目 Araneae	光盔蛛科 Liocranidae	大型动物 Macrofauna		1			0.88		捕食性 Predators
32	蜘蛛目 Araneae	捕鸟蛛科 Theraphosidae	大型动物 Macrofauna				1	0.88		捕食性 Predators
33	半翅目 Hemiptera	奇蝽科 Enicocephalidae	大型动物 Macrofauna	2			2	3.54	*	植食性 Phytophage
34	半翅目 Hemiptera	宽蝽科 Veliidae	大型动物 Macrofauna	1				0.88		捕食性 Predators
35	裂盾目 Schizomida		大型动物 Macrofauna				1	0.88		捕食性 Predators
36	膜翅目 Hymenoptera	切叶蚁亚科 Myrmicinae	大型动物 Macrofauna		20	30	4	47.37	**	杂食性 Omnivores
37		细猛蚁亚科 Leptanillinae	大型动物 Macrofauna			1		0.88		杂食性 Omnivores
38		猛蚁亚科 Ponerinae	大型动物 Macrofauna			1		0.88		杂食性 Omnivores
39	等足目 Isopoda	瘤潮虫科 Tylidae	大型动物 Macrofauna	1				0.88		杂食性 Omnivores
40	缨翅目 Thysanoptera	管蓟马科 Phlaeothripidae	大型动物 Macrofauna	1		1	1	2.63	*	植食性 Phytophage
41	石蜈蚣目Lithobiomorpha	石蜈蚣科 Lithobiidae	大型动物 Macrofauna	1				0.88		Pr捕食性 Predators
42	端足目 Amphipoda		大型动物 Macrofauna			1		0.88		腐食性 Saprozoic
43	??目 Psocoptera	鼠??科 Myopsocidae	大型动物 Macrofauna			1	1	1.75	*	植食性 Phytophage
44	直翅目 Orthoptera	蝗总科 Acridoidea	大型动物 Macrofauna				1	0.88		植食性 Phytophage
中小型个体数 Meso/Micro individuals				1077	895	1191	1075
中小型类群数Meso/Micro group				11	10	8	7
大型个体数 Macro individuals				13	37	45	18
大型类群数 Macro group				10	8	13	12

表2

表3

表4

不同改良剂对中小型农田土壤动物群落多样性的影响"

多样性指数 Diversity indexes		年份 Year	处理 Treatments
多样性指数 Diversity indexes		年份 Year	CK	YJ	WJ	YW
小麦季 Wheat season	Shannon-Wiener指数 Shannon-Wiener index, H'	2016	0.50±0.04aA	0.29±0.10bB	0.58±0.05aA	0.48±0.07aA
		2017	0.53±0.03abA	0.57±0.05aA	0.54±0.01abA	0.48±0.04bA
		2018	0.32±0.04bB	0.28±0.00bB	0.41±0.05aB	0.43±0.04aA
		2019	0.55±0.05aA	0.57±0.06aA	0.34±0.03bC	0.51±0.07aA
	Pielou均匀度指数 Pielou index, E	2016	0.66±0.05aA	0.58±0.06aA	0.64±0.06aA	0.64±0.08aA
		2017	0.58±0.07aA	0.62±0.05aA	0.58±0.09aA	0.56±0.08aA
		2018	0.43±0.05bB	0.43±0.09bB	0.55±0.06abA	0.58±0.05aA
		2019	0.32±0.07aB	0.36±0.02aB	0.25±0.04aB	0.35±0.08aB
	Margalef丰富度指数 Margalef index, D	2016	0.30±0.04aC	0.34±0.09aB	0.50±0.26aA	0.36±0.10aA
		2017	0.48±0.01aB	0.32±0.09bB	0.49±0.05aA	0.31±0.06bA
		2018	0.35±0.02aC	0.44±0.14aAB	0.35±0.12aA	0.34±0.04aA
		2019	0.63±0.13aA	0.63±0.13aA	0.38±0.00aA	0.47±0.15aA
	Simpson优势度指数 Simpson index, C	2016	0.43±0.03aB	0.51±0.15aA	0.50±0.16aA	0.45±0.06aA
		2017	0.43±0.04aB	0.42±0.05aA	0.40±0.04aA	0.47±0.02aA
		2018	0.61±0.07aA	0.55±0.09aA	0.49±0.06aA	0.50±0.03aA
		2019	0.54±0.06aA	0.47±0.07aA	0.47±0.08aA	0.47±0.09aA
玉米季 Maize season	Shannon-Wiener指数 Shannon-Wiener index, H'	2016	0.51±0.02aAB	0.55±0.06aAB	0.50±0.06aA	0.60±0.04aA
		2017	0.46±0.08aAB	0.48±0.02aB	0.52±0.06aA	0.55±0.04aA
		2018	0.61±0.07aA	0.64±0.05aA	0.56±0.05aA	0.60±0.01aA
		2019	0.32±0.12bB	0.60±0.08aAB	0.49±0.05abA	0.43±0.06abB
	Pielou均匀度指数 Pielou index, E	2016	0.68±0.02aB	0.65±0.07aA	0.59±0.10aA	0.56±0.04aA
		2017	0.44±0.08aB	0.55±0.09aA	0.49±0.06aB	0.47±0.08aAB
		2018	0.50±0.03bA	0.52±0.04bA	0.62±0.05aA	0.51±0.05bA
		2019	0.38±0.10aB	0.49±0.02aA	0.42±0.01aB	0.40±0.06aB
	Margalef丰富度指数 Margalef index, D	2016	0.34±0.04aB	0.38±0.07aB	0.37±0.08aB	0.44±0.03aB
		2017	0.51±0.18aB	0.38±0.09aB	0.42±0.02aB	0.52±0.07aB
		2018	0.47±0.09aB	0.49±0.16aB	0.42±0.06aB	0.44±0.07aB
		2019	0.89±0.05aA	0.90±0.02aA	0.84±0.04aA	0.90±0.03aA
	Simpson优势度指数 Simpson index, C	2016	0.42±0.02aA	0.41±0.02aA	0.45±0.04aA	0.39±0.03aA
		2017	0.47±0.09aA	0.46±0.07aA	0.46±0.04aA	0.51±0.09aA
		2018	0.42±0.05aA	0.46±0.09aA	0.41±0.09aA	0.48±0.10aA
		2019	0.54±0.10aA	0.44±0.05aA	0.52±0.02aA	0.54±0.04aA

表4

表5

图1

图2

图3

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	含水率 Water content (%)	总氮 Total N (g·kg^-1)	总磷 Total P (g·kg^-1)	总钾 Total K (g·kg^-1)	pH	有机碳 SOC (g·kg^-1)	吸水率 Water absorption (%)	阳离子交换量 CEC (mol·100g^-1)
有机改良剂 Organic amendment	13.2	14.70	21.05	22.88	7.75	73.74
无机改良剂 Inorganic amendment		68.50	82.30	10.55	8.40	21.96	202.0	21.96

	年份 Year		处理 Treatments
	年份 Year		CK	YJ	WJ	YW
中小型动物 Meso/Micro fauna	个体数Individuals	2016	31.33±4.04aD	38.66±5.13aD	34.66±20.13aC	53.00±17.05aC
		2017	71.33±6.50bC	103.33±15.27aB	99.33±7.63aB	108.66±1.52aA
		2018	99.00±15.09aB	70.00±3.60bC	108.66±20.03aB	83.00±9.64abB
		2019	128.33±14.01bA	132.00±21.07bA	172.00±20.07aA	115.33±1.52bA
	类群数 Groups	2016	4.00±0.00aB	4.33±0.57aB	4.33±0.57aB	5.00±0.00aA
		2017	6.33±1.52aBC	5.00±1.00aB	6.33±0.57aA	6.00±0.00aA
		2018	5.33±1.15aB	5.00±0.00aB	5.66±0.57aAB	5.33±0.57aA
		2019	8.00±0.00aA	8.33±1.15aA	7.33±1.52aA	5.33±0.58aA
大型动物 Macro fauna	个体数Individuals	2016	0.33±0.57aA	3.33±0.57aA	2.33±1.52aA	2.33±1.52aA
		2017	0.66±0.57aA	0.33±0.57aB	1.66±2.08aA	1.66±2.88aA
		2018	1.00±0.00aA	1.00±0.00aB	1.66±0.57aA	0.66±0.57aA
		2019	2.00±1.00aA	2.66±0.57aA	1.66±1.52aA	1.33±1.52aA
	类群数 Groups	2016	0.33±0.57aA	3.00±1.00aA	2.00±1.00aA	2.33±1.52aA
		2017	0.66±0.57aA	0.33±0.57aB	1.66±2.08aA	1.66±2.88aA
		2018	1.00±0.00aA	1.00±0.00aB	2.00±1.00aA	0.66±0.57aA
		2019	2.00±1.00aA	2.33±0.57aA	1.33±1.15aA	1.33±1.52aA

名称 Taxa	小麦季Wheat season				玉米季Maize season
名称 Taxa	CK	YJ	WJ	YW	CK	YJ	WJ	YW
螨Acarid	0.996	0.987	0.964	0.987	0.972	1.000	0.987	0.998
甲螨亚目Oribatida	0.998	0.952	0.955	0.992	0.991	0.808	0.994	0.952
棘跳科Onychiuridae	0.887	0.934	0.983	0.803	0.978	0.906	0.967	0.994
食虫虻科Asilidae	0.631	0.985	0.000	0.000	0.000	1.000	–	0.631
切叶蚁亚科Myrmicinae	–	0.000	0.296	0.631	–	0.631	0.296	0.631
生态位重叠指数 Niche overlap	0.983	0.972	0.982	0.985	0.991	0.979	0.985	0.993