中国农业科学 ›› 2019, Vol. 52 ›› Issue (9): 1501-1517.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2019.09.003

• 耕作栽培·生理生化·农业信息技术 • 上一篇    下一篇

播/收期对冬小麦-夏玉米一年两熟模式周年 气候资源分配与利用特征的影响

周宝元,马玮,孙雪芳,高卓晗,丁在松,李从锋,赵明()   

  1. 中国农业科学院作物科学研究所/农业部作物生理生态与栽培重点开放实验室,北京100081
  • 收稿日期:2018-12-05 接受日期:2019-03-18 出版日期:2019-05-01 发布日期:2019-05-16
  • 通讯作者: 赵明
  • 作者简介:周宝元,E-mail: zhoubaoyuan@caas.cn
  • 基金资助:
    国家重点研发计划(2018YFD0300504)

Effects of Different Sowing and Harvest Dates of Winter Wheat- Summer Maize Under Double Cropping System on the Annual Climate Resource Distribution and Utilization

ZHOU BaoYuan,MA Wei,SUN XueFang,GAO ZhuoHan,DING ZaiSong,LI CongFeng,ZHAO Ming()   

  1. Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology and Production, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100081
  • Received:2018-12-05 Accepted:2019-03-18 Online:2019-05-01 Published:2019-05-16
  • Contact: Ming ZHAO

摘要:

【目的】优化冬小麦-夏玉米一年两熟模式周年气候资源配置,探索两季最佳的资源搭配模式,进一步挖掘当前气候和生产条件下黄淮海地区周年产量潜力和资源利用效率。【方法】本研究通过10月上旬至12月上旬设置冬小麦不同播期和夏玉米不同收获期,建立了5种冬小麦-夏玉米一年两熟模式周年气候资源分配方式,于2015—2017年在中国农业科学院河南新乡试验站进行田间试验,对其产量、光温水等气候资源分配及利用特征进行研究。【结果】随冬小麦播期及夏玉米收获期推迟,两作物生长季光温水资源分配比例分别由处理Ⅰ的46%﹕54%、60%﹕40%、42%﹕58%调整至处理V的34%﹕66%、49%﹕51%、34%﹕66%范围内,小麦季生长天数及其分配的光温水资源量逐渐减少,将更多的资源分配到玉米季,从而导致小麦产量降低,但由于处理V的ZM66小麦品种维持了较高的穗数和穗粒数,因此与处理Ⅰ比产量降低不显著。然而,处理V玉米季生理生长时间较处理Ⅰ延长约15 d,2016和2017年光温水资源分配量分别增加143.8和120.7 MJ·m-2、290.5和281.6℃、12.4和25.7 mm,粒重分别增加13.1%和15.5%,周年产量两年分别提高7.9%和6.7%;籽粒脱水时间增加约45d,光温水资源分配量两年分别增加322.5和336.3 MJ·m-2、509.6和497.8℃、56.7和14.1mm,籽粒含水量降至14.4%—17.3%,达到机械直接收获标准。同时,由于处理V小麦季光温水资源分配量显著降低,特别是减少底墒水和越冬水灌溉约150mm,2016和2017年其光能、温度和水分生产效率较处理Ⅰ分别提高12.5%和15.8%、10.9%和7.7%、39.6%和59.3%,玉米季虽然光能、温度生产效率有所降低,但水分生产效率显著提高,因此周年光能、温度和水分生产效率两年分别提高7.3%和9.1%、5.6%和5.1%、17.3%和29.3%。【结论】在不增加任何投入的前提下通过播/收期的调整(小麦12月上旬播种,玉米11月中旬收获)优化冬小麦-夏玉米一年两熟模式周年气候资源配置,可进一步提升其周年产量和光温水资源利用效率,对于促进黄淮海冬小麦-夏玉米种植模式可持续发展具有重要意义。

关键词: 冬小麦-夏玉米种植模式, 播/收期, 资源分配, 产量, 资源利用效率

Abstract:

【Objective】 The study was carried out to optimize the inter-season climatic resource distribution of traditional winter wheat-summer maize cropping system and explore the optimal two-season climatic resource distribution model, so as to further increase the annual yield potential and resource utilization efficiency of Huang-Huai-Hai region. 【Method】 In this study, five sowing dates of winter wheat and corresponding harvest dates of summer maize were set from early October to early December, and the field experiment was conducted at Xinxiang county from 2015 to 2017. Based on the field experiments, The annual yield, climate resources distribution and resources use efficiency were studied. 【Result】 With the sowing/harvest dates delayed, days of wheat growth period and amount of radiation, temperature, and precipitation resources gradually reduced, more growth time and resources were transferred to maize season, and the resources distribution rate between two seasons changed from treatmentⅠ (46%:54%, 60%:40%, 42%:58%) to treatment V (34%:66%, 49%:51%, 34%:66%), which resulted in decrease of wheat grain yield. However, due to greater number of ears and grains of ZM66, no significant difference was found in wheat yield between treatmentⅠ and treatment V. Maize grain weight increased by 13.1% and 15.5% due to 15 d, 143.8 and 120.7 MJ·m -2, 290.5 and 281.6℃, 12.4 and 25.7 mm increasing in 2016 and 2017, respectively, in maize growth duration, radiation, accumulated temperature, and precipitation, eventually the annual grain yield of treatment V increased by 7.9% and 6.7% compared than that of treatmentⅠ, respectively. In addition, the grain water content decreased to 14.4%-17.3% due to 15 d, 322.5 and 336.3 MJ·m -2, 509.6 and 497.8℃, 56.7 and 14.1 mm increasing in maize growth duration, radiation, accumulated temperature, and precipitation in 2016 and 2017, respectively. At the same time, because of radiation and temperature resources in wheat season of treatment V decreased significantly, especially the irrigation water reduced 150 mm, the radiation, temperature and water production efficiency of wheat for treatment V increased by 12.5% and 15.8%, 10.9% and 7.7%, 39.6% and 59.3% in 2016 and 2017, respectively, compared than treatmentⅠ. During maize growth season, radiation and temperature production efficiency under treatment V decreased, but water production efficiency increased significantly than that under treatmentⅠ, so the annual radiation, temperature and water production efficiency of treatment V increased by 7.3% and 9.1%, 5.6% and 5.1%, 17.3% and 29.3% in 2016 and 2017, respectively, compared than treatmentⅠ, respectively. 【Conclusion】 It is of great significance for promoting the sustainable development of winter wheat-summer maize double cropping system in the Huang-Huai-Hai plain by changing sowing and harvest dates (Wheat was sown in early December and maize was harvested in mid-November) to optimize the distribution of resources between two seasons for winter wheat-summer maize double cropping system without any input.

Key words: winter wheat-summer maize cropping system, sowing/harvest date, resource distribution, grain yield, resources use efficiency