有机物料还田对土壤导水导气性的综合影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2019.06.008

中国农业科学 ›› 2019, Vol. 52 ›› Issue (6): 1045-1057.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2019.06.008

• 土壤肥料·节水灌溉·农业生态环境 • 上一篇下一篇

有机物料还田对土壤导水导气性的综合影响

赵丽丽^1,²,李陆生³,蔡焕杰^1,²(),石小虎^1,²,薛少平⁴

1 西北农林科技大学旱区农业水土工程教育部重点实验室,陕西杨凌 712100
2 中国旱区节水农业研究院,陕西杨凌 712100
3 华北水利水电大学水利学院,郑州 450046
4 西北农林科技大学机械与电子工程学院,陕西杨凌 712100

收稿日期:2018-10-09 接受日期:2018-11-16 出版日期:2019-03-16 发布日期:2019-03-22
通讯作者: 蔡焕杰
作者简介:赵丽丽,E-mail： sdytdxzll@163.com。
基金资助:
国家重点研发计划项目(2016YFC0400200);国家自然科学基金(51879223)

Comprehensive Effects of Organic Materials Incorporation on Soil Hydraulic Conductivity and Air Permeability

ZHAO LiLi^1,²,LI LuSheng³,CAI HuanJie^1,²(),SHI XiaoHu^1,²,XUE ShaoPing⁴

1 Key Laboratory for Agricultural Soil and Water Engineering in Arid Area of Ministry of Education, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi;
2 Institute of Water Saving Agriculture in Arid Regions of China, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi ;
3 School of Water Conservancy, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou 450046
4 College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi;

Received:2018-10-09 Accepted:2018-11-16 Online:2019-03-16 Published:2019-03-22
Contact: HuanJie CAI

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】综合分析不同有机物料还田对土壤透水通气能力的影响,对改善作物根区土壤水分和空气环境,提高土壤生产力具有重要意义。【方法】本研究在陕西关中平原塿土上开展了2年（2014年6月至2016年6月）田间小区定位试验,以单施化肥为对照,分析不同有机物料（麦秆、麦壳、土粪和生物肥）配施化肥对0—30 cm土层土壤孔隙性、导水性和导气性的影响,并运用主成分分析综合评价土壤导水导气性。【结果】有机物料还田可改善土壤孔隙性,促进土壤已有孔隙向较大孔隙发育,尤其在0—10 cm和20—30 cm土层,土壤大孔隙较对照显著（P<0.05）增加12.3%—136.4%;而在10—20 cm土层仅增施麦秆2 年后土壤大孔隙显著（P<0.05）增加。有机物料还田显著（P<0.05）提高了0—10 cm和10—20 cm土壤导水性,增加土壤初渗率、稳渗率、平均入渗率、90 min累积入渗量和饱和导水率,其中增施麦秆在0—10 cm土层增幅最大,较对照增加5.3—8.8倍,增施生物肥在10—20 cm土层增幅最大,较对照增加2.0—4.5倍;增施生物肥也显著改善了20—30 cm土层土壤导水性。在土壤导气性方面,增施麦秆和麦壳较对照显著（P<0.05）提高0—10 cm土层土壤孔隙连通性进而增加土壤导气率;而增施生物肥较对照显著（P<0.05）提高了10—20 cm和20—30 cm土层的土壤导气率。通过主成分分析综合评价0—30 cm土层土壤导水导气性,结果表明0—10 cm土层增施麦秆最优;10—20 cm和20—30 cm土层增施生物肥最优。【结论】综合考虑,增施生物肥是关中平原相对较好的有机物料还田方式,对10—30 cm土层导水导气性的综合改善效果最优,可有效缓解塿土亚表层紧实化,改善根区土壤的透水通气效能。

关键词: 有机物料, 孔隙性, 入渗性能, 饱和导水率, 导气率, 主成分分析

Abstract:

【Objective】 The comprehensive analysis of soil water and gas transport properties in response to different types of organic amendments is important for optimizing water and air environment of root-zone soil and improving the soil productivity. 【Method】 For this purpose, a two-year (from June 2014 to June 2016) field experiment was conducted with a fixed plot test on a Lou soil (Eum-Orthic Anthrosols) in the Guanzhong Plain. There were five treatments: application of mineral fertilizer both alone (control, CK) and along with wheat straw (MWS), wheat husk (MWH), farmyard soil (MFS), and bioorganic fertilizer (MBF). This experiment was used to study the effects of combined use of mineral fertilizer and organic materials on soil porosity, hydraulic conductivity and air permeability in the 0-30 cm soil layer. These soil parameters were comprehensively evaluated by using the principal component analysis method.【Result】 Integrated application of organic materials and mineral fertilizer improved soil pore size distribution and promoted the increase in macro-porosity compared to the CK treatment. This was especially true at the 0-10 cm and 20-30 cm soil depths, where incorporation of organic materials significantly (P<0.05) increased soil macro-porosity by 12.3%-136.4% compare to the CK treatment. The significant (P<0.05) increase in the macro-porosity was also recorded in the MWS treatment at the 10-20 cm depth soil layer compared to the CK treatment. Combination with organic materials and mineral fertilizer significantly (P<0.05) enhanced soil hydraulic conductivity at the 0-10 cm and 10-20 cm soil depths compared to the CK treatment, such as increasing initial infiltration rate, steady infiltration rate, average infiltration rate, 90 min cumulative infiltration, as well as saturated hydraulic conductivity. These parameters were highest in the MWS treatment (greater by 5.3-8.8 times compared to the CK treatment) at the 0-10 cm soil depth and in the MBF treatment (greater by 2.0-4.5 times compared to the CK treatment) at the 10-20 cm soil depth, respectively (P<0.05). Meanwhile, the MBF treatment also significantly (P<0.05) improved soil hydraulic conductivity relative to the CK treatment at the 20-30 cm soil depth. With regard to soil air permeability, the MWS and MWH treatments led to significantly (P<0.05) better soil pore continuity and hence higher soil air permeability at the 0-10 cm soil depth, compared to the CK treatment, while the MBF treatment yielded significantly (P<0.05) higher soil air permeability at both the 10-20 cm and 20-30 cm soil depths. The principal component analysis results indicated that the MWS treatment had the strongest improvement on soil water-gas transport properties at the 0-10 cm soil depth, and the MBF treatment had the strongest improvement at 10-20 cm and 20-30 cm soil depths. 【Conclusion】 To alleviate sub-surface soil compaction and improve soil water-gas transport properties, application of bioorganic fertilizer was highly recommended. The MBF treatment exhibited the best improvement in soil water-gas transport properties at 10-30 cm soil depth.

Key words: organic materials, porosity, infiltration capacity, saturated hydraulic conductivity, air permeability, principal component analysis

赵丽丽,李陆生,蔡焕杰,石小虎,薛少平. 有机物料还田对土壤导水导气性的综合影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2019, 52(6): 1045-1057.

ZHAO LiLi,LI LuSheng,CAI HuanJie,SHI XiaoHu,XUE ShaoPing. Comprehensive Effects of Organic Materials Incorporation on Soil Hydraulic Conductivity and Air Permeability[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2019, 52(6): 1045-1057.

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图/表 7

表1

表2

表3

2014—2016年有机物料还田不同土层土壤容重、孔隙度、孔隙分布和孔隙连通性变化"

年份 Year	土层深度 Depth (cm)	处理 Treatments	容重 Bulk density (g·cm^-3)	孔隙度 Total porosity (%)	大孔隙 Macro- porosity (%)	小孔隙 Micro- porosity (%)	孔隙连通性 Pore continuity index (μm²)
2015	0—10	PT	1.32±0.05a	50.29±1.98a	17.50±0.93c	32.79±1.23a	61.65±9.80c
		CK	1.33±0.06a	50.00±2.15a	17.42±1.25c	32.58±2.01a	58.90±13.88c
		MWS	1.27±0.02a	52.44±0.65a	25.66±2.44a	26.78±2.25b	119.06±14.54b
		MWH	1.29±0.05a	51.51±2.06a	22.72±3.18ab	28.79±1.21b	141.86±19.90a
		MFS	1.33±0.04a	50.05±1.60a	20.57±1.35b	29.48±2.51b	50.40±9.41c
		MBF	1.32±0.03a	49.63±1.26a	21.85±2.46b	27.77±1.63b	58.52±9.54c
	10—20	PT	1.44±0.05a	46.03±1.71a	20.60±1.94a	25.43±0.98c	27.88±4.89c
		CK	1.46±0.08a	45.11±3.05a	19.82±1.27a	25.29±0.73c	27.21±7.92c
		MWS	1.41±0.02a	46.85±0.82a	20.65±2.04a	26.40±1.44bc	45.98±7.68b
		MWH	1.39±0.04a	47.65±1.61a	20.35±2.31a	27.30±0.85a	129.09±13.31a
		MFS	1.44±0.04a	45.96±1.32a	18.54±1.94a	27.42±0.89a	48.67±11.82b
		MBF	1.46±0.05a	45.14±1.97a	18.06±1.97a	26.88±0.67ab	57.44±7.80b
	20—30	PT	1.68±0.04a	36.89±1.51a	5.99±1.72b	30.90±2.04a	31.59±7.46a
		CK	1.69±0.04a	36.24±1.43a	5.18±1.98b	31.06±0.54a	37.36±7.08a
		MWS	1.66±0.04a	37.53±1.35a	10.61±1.77a	26.92±1.80b	22.23±3.58b
		MWH	1.64±0.03a	38.32±1.11a	11.94±3.38a	26.38±2.27b	20.21±2.41b
		MFS	1.68±0.03a	36.78±1.13a	10.55±1.75a	26.23±0.62b	36.72±2.79a
		MBF	1.67±0.03a	36.40±1.05a	10.03±1.84a	26.37±1.13b	31.61±1.82a
2016	0—10	PT	1.32±0.05a	50.29±1.98a	17.50±0.93d	32.79±1.23a	61.65±9.80c
		CK	1.31±0.04a	50.62±1.66a	17.94±1.10d	32.68±1.04a	61.66±11.40c
		MWS	1.25±0.02a	53.01±0.92a	27.52±0.87a	25.49±0.57c	138.83±23.22b
		MWH	1.26±0.04a	52.71±1.57a	22.86±2.24b	29.86±0.67b	198.05±25.09a
		MFS	1.30±0.02a	51.32±0.89a	20.14±1.47c	31.17±0.57a	54.01±10.49c
		MBF	1.30±0.03a	51.01±1.10a	22.18±1.66bc	28.84±0.57b	50.36±9.76c
	10—20	PT	1.44±0.55a	46.03±1.71c	20.60±1.94b	25.43±0.98c	27.88±4.89d
		CK	1.43±0.03a	46.13±1.34c	21.00±1.07b	25.13±0.29c	26.90±3.96d
		MWS	1.38±0.02bc	48.29±0.80ab	23.61±0.99a	25.67±0.30c	73.19±15.82b
		MWH	1.36±0.02c	48.79±0.86a	20.67±1.15b	28.12±0.35a	121.56±26.23a
		MFS	1.39±0.03bc	47.90±1.36ab	21.75±1.67b	26.15±0.79b	50.10±3.41c
		MBF	1.41±0.02ab	47.17±0.65bc	21.17±0.99b	26.00±0.79b	51.76±7.29c
	20—30	PT	1.68±0.04ab	36.89±1.51bc	5.99±1.72d	30.90±2.04a	31.59±7.46b
		CK	1.69±0.03a	36.29±1.11c	5.48±1.40d	30.81±0.67a	34.26±6.89ab
		MWS	1.64±0.03bc	38.41±1.32ab	12.95±1.46a	25.46±0.44c	18.19±4.58c
		MWH	1.61±0.03c	39.61±1.34a	12.31±1.89ab	27.30±0.57b	16.39±3.85c
		MFS	1.66±0.03ab	37.66±1.32bc	10.11±1.69bc	27.56±0.37b	34.73±6.69ab
		MBF	1.66±0.03ab	37.44±1.31bc	9.49±1.91c	27.95±0.60b	41.37±6.41a

表3

图1

图2

图3

表4

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土壤性质 Soil parameters	土层 Depth (cm)
土壤性质 Soil parameters	0—10	10—20	20—30
土壤质地 Soil texture	黏壤土 Clay loam	黏壤土 Clay loam	粉砂质黏壤土 Silty clay loam
砂粒 Sand (0.02—2 mm)	38.24	36.65	30.51
粉粒 Silt (0.002—0.02 mm)	43.80	44.22	46.71
黏粒 Clay (<0.002 mm)	17.96	19.12	22.78
容重 Bulk density (g·cm^-3)	1.32	1.44	1.68
有机质Organic matter (g·kg^-1)	15.09	13.87	12.53
有效氮Available N (mg·kg^-1)	28.37	22.53	19.85
有效磷Available P (mg·kg^-1)	16.25	14.83	10.67
有效钾Available K (mg·kg^-1)	143.2	138.5	132.0
pH	8.56	8.57	8.55

有机物料 Material	纤维素 Cellulose (%)	有机碳 Organic carbon (g·kg^-1)	全氮 Total N (g·kg^-1)	C/N比 C/N ratio	全磷 Total P (g·kg^-1)	全钾 Total K (g·kg^-1)	干容重 Dry bulk density (g·cm^-3)
麦秆 Wheat straw	36.32	432.44	10.84	39.95	1.65	9.71	0.074
麦壳 Wheat husk	24.89	396.99	20.44	19.43	5.41	6.20	0.137
土粪 Farmyard soil	18.25	190.30	11.63	16.46	3.02	6.49	0.474
生物肥 Bioorganic fertilizer	17.96	184.19	12.98	14.21	3.19	6.27	0.325

有机物料还田对土壤导水导气性的综合影响

Comprehensive Effects of Organic Materials Incorporation on Soil Hydraulic Conductivity and Air Permeability

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土层深度 Depth (cm)	处理 Treatments	综合得分 Comprehensive scores
0—10	CK	-0.712
	MWS	1.188
	MWH	0.077
	MFS	-0.391
	MBF	-0.106
10—20	CK	-1.109
	MWS	0.375
	MWH	0.438
	MFS	-0.314
	MBF	0.609
20—30	CK	-1.096
	MWS	0.063
	MWH	0.162
	MFS	-0.028
	MBF	0.899

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