近35年红壤稻区土壤肥力时空演变特征—以进贤县为例

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2020.16.008

中国农业科学 ›› 2020, Vol. 53 ›› Issue (16): 3294-3306.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2020.16.008

• 土壤肥料·节水灌溉·农业生态环境 • 上一篇下一篇

近35年红壤稻区土壤肥力时空演变特征—以进贤县为例

王远鹏^1,²(),黄晶^1,³,孙钰翔^4,⁵,柳开楼^1,⁶,周虎⁵,韩天富¹,都江雪¹,蒋先军²,陈金⁷(),张会民^1,³()

¹中国农业科学院农业资源与农业区划研究所/耕地培育技术国家工程实验室,北京 100081
²西南大学资源环境学院,重庆 400715
³中国农业科学院祁阳农田生态系统国家野外试验站,湖南祁阳 426182
⁴湖南农业大学资源环境学院,长沙 410128
⁵中国科学院南京土壤研究所,南京 210008
⁶江西省红壤研究所/国家红壤改良工程技术研究中心/农业农村部江西耕地保育科学观测实验站,南昌 330046
⁷江西省农业科学院土壤肥料与资源环境研究所/农业农村部长江中下游作物生理生态与耕作重点实验室/国家红壤改良工程技术研究中心,南昌 330200

收稿日期:2019-09-30 接受日期:2019-12-08 出版日期:2020-08-16 发布日期:2020-08-27
通讯作者: 陈金,张会民
作者简介:王远鹏,E-mail：229580029@qq.com
基金资助:
国家重点研发计划(2016YFD0300901);国家重点研发计划(2016YFD0300906);中央级公益性科研院所基本科研业务费专项(161032019035);中央级公益性科研院所基本科研业务费专项(161032019020)

Spatiotemporal Variability Characteristics of Soil Fertility in Red Soil Paddy Region in the Past 35 Years—A Case Study of Jinxian County

WANG YuanPeng^1,²(),HUANG Jing^1,³,SUN YuXiang^4,⁵,LIU KaiLou^1,⁶,ZHOU Hu⁵,HAN TianFu¹,DU JiangXue¹,JIANG XianJun²,CHEN Jin⁷(),ZHANG HuiMin^1,³()

¹Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/National Engineering Laboratory for Improving Quality of Arable Land, Beijing 100081
²College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715
³National Observation Station of Qiyang Agri-Ecology System, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, CAAS, Qiyang 426182, Hunan
⁴College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128
⁵Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008
⁶Jiangxi Institute of Red Soil/National Engineering and Technology Research Center for Red Soil Improvement/Scientific Observational and Experimental Station of Arable Land Conservation in Jiangxi, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanchang 330046
⁷Soil and Fertilizer & Resources and Environment Institute, Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences / Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System for the Middle and Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs / National Engineering and Technology Research Center for Red Soil Improvement, Nanchang 330200;

Received:2019-09-30 Accepted:2019-12-08 Online:2020-08-16 Published:2020-08-27
Contact: Jin CHEN,HuiMin ZHANG

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】明确红壤稻区典型县域农业生产中土壤养分的变化特征以及当前土壤肥力水平,为红壤稻田土壤培肥改良提供依据。【方法】通过数据收集和野外采样分析得到江西省进贤县1982年、2008年和2017年3个时期稻田耕层土壤属性的数据,统一选取土壤pH、有机质、碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾作为土壤综合肥力评价指标,首先对3个时期各项肥力指标进行常规统计和差异性分析,采用主成分分析找出不同时期肥力差异的关键因子并确定权重,通过隶属度函数得到各项肥力指标的隶属度值,将各项肥力指标的权重和隶属度值加乘得到土壤综合肥力指数,最后结合土壤各项肥力指标和综合肥力指数的GIS空间分布图探究该区域稻田土壤肥力时空演变特征。【结果】1982—2017年进贤县稻田土壤有机质、碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾均呈不同程度的上升趋势,土壤pH呈下降趋势。1982、2008和2017年3个时期进贤县土壤pH的平均值分别为5.9、5.1、4.8,年均下降0.03个单位;35年来土壤pH整体由西部向东南和西北下降速率逐渐减低,2017年99%的稻田土壤处于酸性水平（4.5—5.5）。35年间稻田土壤有机质含量的平均值由28.1 g·kg^-1上升至36.8 g·kg^-1,1982—2008年和2008—2017年土壤有机质年均增加速率分别为0.21和0.31 g·kg^-1,2017年土壤有机质含量在30—40 g·kg^-1之间的稻田占比达94%,1982—2017年土壤有机质整体由东北向西南上升速率逐渐降低。1982—2017年土壤有效磷含量的平均值由7.0 mg·kg^-1上升至32.1 mg·kg^-1,2017年进贤县以土壤有效磷含量在20—40 mg·kg^-1的稻田为主,占比75%。1982—2017年稻田土壤速效钾累积缓慢,1982—2008年和2008—2017年土壤速效钾年均增加速率分别0.58和0.53 mg·kg^-1,2017年进贤县稻田土壤速效钾含量平均值为73.2 mg·kg^-1。稻田土壤碱解氮在1982—2008年和2008—2017年两个阶段增长均呈先快后慢的趋势,前后两个阶段的年增长速率分别为1.24和0.29 mg·kg^-1,1982—2017年进贤县土壤碱解氮含量东南地区上升速率高,西北地区上升速率低。1982、2008和2017年进贤县稻田土壤综合肥力指数的平均值分别为0.43、0.50和0.55。3个时期稻田土壤肥力指标综合得分分别为：碱解氮有效磷>pH>速效钾>有机质（1982年）;pH>有效磷>速效钾>有机质>碱解氮（2008年）;速效钾>有效磷>pH>碱解氮>有机质（2017年）。【结论】经过35年的长期耕作,进贤县稻田土壤肥力得到改善。当前进贤县稻田土壤仍存在碱解氮过量、速效钾亏缺、土壤酸化严重等问题。土壤碱解氮、pH和速效钾分别为1982年、2008年和2017年3个时期造成进贤县稻田土壤肥力空间分布差异性的关键因素。

关键词: 红壤, 肥力评价, 主成分分析, 时空演变, 进贤县

Abstract:

【Objective】The aim of this study was to clarify the changes of soil nutrients and the current fertility level in the actual agricultural production in the typical county of red soil, which provided the basis for the improvement of red soil paddy soil. 【Method】Data of paddy field soil properties in Jinxian County of Jiangxi Province in 1982, 2008 and 2017 were obtained through data collection and field sampling analysis. Soil pH, organic matter, alkalide nitrogen, available phosphorus and available potassium were selected as soil comprehensive fertility evaluation factors. Firstly, the conventional statistics and differential analysis of various fertility factors in the three periods were carried out. Principal component analysis was used to find out the key factors of fertility differences in different periods and the weight was determined. The membership value of each fertility factor was obtained by membership function. The soil integrated fertility index was calculated by weight values and membership values. Finally, the spatial and temporal evolution characteristics of paddy field soil fertility in this region were explored based on GIS spatial distribution maps of soil fertility factors and integrated fertility index. 【Result】From 1982 to 2017, soil organic matter, alkalide nitrogen, available phosphorus and available potassium of paddy soil in Jinxian County increased in varying degrees, while soil pH value decreased. The average pH values of Jinxian County in the three periods of 1982, 2008 and 2017 were 5.9, 5.1 and 4.8, respectively, with an average annual decrease of 0.03 units. In the past 35 years, the overall decline rate of soil pH from west to southeast and northwest gradually decreased. In 2017, 99% of the paddy soil was at an acidic level (4.5-5.5). The average content of soil organic matter increased from 28.1 to 36.8 g·kg^-1 in 35 years. The average annual increase rates of soil organic matter from 1982 to 2008 and from 2008 to 2017 were 0.21 and 0.31 g·kg^-1, respectively. In 2017, the proportion of paddy fields with soil organic matter content between 30 and 40 g·kg^-1 reached 94%. From 1982 to 2017, the increasing rate of soil organic matter decreased gradually from northeast to southwest. From 1982 to 2017, the average content of available phosphorus in soil increased from 7.0 to 32.1 mg·kg^-1. In 2017, the paddy fields with soil available phosphorus content ranging from 20 to 40 mg·kg^-1 were dominant in Jinxian County, accounting for 75%. The accumulation of available potassium in paddy soils was slow from 1982 to 2017. The annual average increase rates of available potassium in paddy soils from 1982 to 2008 and from 2008 to 2017 were 0.58 and 0.53 mg·kg^-1, respectively. In 2017, the average content of available potassium in paddy soil in Jinxian County was 73.2 mg·kg^-1. The alkalide nitrogen in paddy soils increased first and then slowly in the two stages of 1982-2008 and 2008-2017. The growth rates of the two stages were 1.24 and 0.29 mg·kg^-1, respectively. From 1982 to 2017, the increase rate of soil alkalide nitrogen content in Jinxian County was higher in Southeast China and lower in Northwest China. The average values of the integrated fertility index of paddy soil in Jinxian County in 1982, 2008 and 2017 were 0.43, 0.50 and 0.55, respectively. The general scores of soil fertility factors in three periods were as follows: alkalide nitrogen>available phosphorus>pH>available potassium>organic matter (1982), pH>available phosphorus>available potassium>organic matter>alkalide nitrogen (2008), available potassium>available phosphorus>pH>alkalide nitrogen>organic matter (2017). 【Conclusion】 After 35 years of long-term cultivation, the soil fertility of rice fields in Jinxian County has been improved. At present, the paddy soil in Jinxian County still has problems such as excessive alkalide nitrogen, available potassium deficiency, and serious acidification of the soil. Soil alkalide nitrogen, pH and available potassium were the key factors for the spatial distribution of soil fertility in Jinxian County during the three periods of 1982, 2008 and 2017, respectively.

Key words: red soil, fertility evaluation, principal component analysis, spatiotemporal variability, Jinxian County

王远鹏,黄晶,孙钰翔,柳开楼,周虎,韩天富,都江雪,蒋先军,陈金,张会民. 近35年红壤稻区土壤肥力时空演变特征—以进贤县为例[J]. 中国农业科学, 2020, 53(16): 3294-3306.

WANG YuanPeng,HUANG Jing,SUN YuXiang,LIU KaiLou,ZHOU Hu,HAN TianFu,DU JiangXue,JIANG XianJun,CHEN Jin,ZHANG HuiMin. Spatiotemporal Variability Characteristics of Soil Fertility in Red Soil Paddy Region in the Past 35 Years—A Case Study of Jinxian County[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2020, 53(16): 3294-3306.

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等级 Grade	pH	等级 Grade	SOM (g·kg^-1)	AN (mg·kg^-1)	AP (mg·kg^-1)	AK (mg·kg^-1)
强酸 Strong acid	<4.5	一级 Grade 1	>40	>150	>40	>200
酸性 Acidity	4.5—5.5	二级 Grade 2	30—40	120—150	20—40	150—200
微酸 Slightly acid	5.5—6.5	三级 Grade 3	20—30	90—120	10—20	100—150
中性 Neutral	6.5—7.5	四级 Grade 4	10—20	60—90	5—10	50—100
碱性 Alkalinity	>7.5	五级 Grade 5	6—10	30—60	3—5	30—50
		六级 Grade 6	<6	<30	<3	<30

年份 Year	肥力指标 Fertility factor	主成分 Principal component				综合得分 Score	指标权重 Weight
年份 Year	肥力指标 Fertility factor	PC1	PC2	PC3	PC4	综合得分 Score	指标权重 Weight
1982	pH	0.160	0.012	-0.132	0.975	0.229	0.187
	SOM	0.853	-0.156	-0.176	0.230	0.201	0.165
	AN	0.854	0.265	0.192	0.019	0.331	0.271
	AP	0.056	0.982	0.073	0.009	0.252	0.206
	AK	0.011	0.076	0.980	-0.132	0.208	0.170
	特征值 Eigenvalue	1.486	1.065	1.051	1.022
	贡献率Contribution rate (%)	29.716	21.295	21.011	20.445
	累计贡献率 Cumulative contribution rate (%)	29.716	51.011	72.022	92.468
2008	pH	0.876	0.258	0.161	-0.026	0.302	0.294
	SOM	-0.092	-0.082	0.062	0.985	0.189	0.184
	AN	-0.684	0.392	0.364	0.201	0.052	0.051
	AP	0.017	0.063	0.975	0.056	0.254	0.247
	AK	0.080	0.949	0.061	-0.097	0.230	0.224
	特征值 Eigenvalue	1.251	1.131	1.116	1.025
	贡献率 Contribution rate (%)	25.019	22.622	22.318	20.49
	累计贡献率 Cumulative contribution rate (%)	25.019	47.641	69.959	90.449
2017	pH	0.905	-0.124	-0.024	0.132	0.222	0.210
	SOM	-0.091	-0.051	0.984	-0.089	0.169	0.160
	AN	0.637	0.504	-0.213	-0.130	0.204	0.193
	AP	0.062	0.050	-0.085	0.980	0.230	0.218
	AK	-0.038	0.937	-0.019	0.078	0.231	0.219
	特征值 Eigenvalue	1.238	1.153	1.022	1.009
	贡献率 Contribution rate (%)	24.762	23.062	20.448	20.189
	累计贡献率 Cumulative contribution rate (%)	24.762	47.824	68.272	88.461

近35年红壤稻区土壤肥力时空演变特征—以进贤县为例

Spatiotemporal Variability Characteristics of Soil Fertility in Red Soil Paddy Region in the Past 35 Years—A Case Study of Jinxian County

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项目 Item	年份 Year	面积占比 Area ratio (%)
项目 Item	年份 Year	强酸Strong acid	酸性Acidity	微酸Slightly acid	中性Neutral	碱性Alkalinity
pH	1982	0	14	81	5	0
	2008	0	93	7	0	0
	2017	1	99	0	0	0
目 Item	年份 Year	面积占比 Area ratio (%)
目 Item	年份 Year	一级 Grade 1	二级 Grade 2	三级 Grade 3	四级 Grade 4	五级 Grade 5
SOM	1982	0	38	59	3	0
	2008	2	81	14	3	0
	2017	6	94	0	0	0
AN	1982	30	64	6	0	0
	2008	100	0	0	0	0
	2017	98	2	0	0	0
AP	1982	0	0	1	93	6
	2008	3	79	18	0	0
	2017	19	75	6	0	0
AK	1982	0	0	0	59	41
	2008	0	0	4	86	10
	2017	0	0	10	89	1
IFI	1982	0	0	7	86	7
	2008	0	0	58	41	1
	2017	0	21	78	1	0

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转折点 Turning point	pH	SOM (g·kg^-1)	AN (mg·kg^-1)	AP (mg·kg^-1)	AK (mg·kg^-1)
x₁	4.5	20	100	5	50
x₂	6.0	40	200	40	150
x₃	7.0
x₄	8.5