有机无机肥配施对夏玉米氮素气态损失及籽粒产量的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2018.13.004

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 【目的】本研究在定位试验平台上监测了不同施肥处理夏玉米田NH₃和N₂O的排放规律及其损失量，以探讨减少黄淮海区域夏玉米田氮素气态损失的有效途径，为提高夏玉米籽粒产量及肥料利用效率提供理论依据。【方法】2016—2017年利用水肥渗漏研究池进行试验，以郑单958（ZD958）为材料，以不施氮肥（CK）为对照处理，在同等施氮量下设置单施尿素（U₁）、单施牛粪（M₁）和尿素牛粪1﹕1配施（U₂M₂）3种氮肥处理。采用通气法和静态箱-气相色谱法研究了不同施肥处理对玉米田NH₃和N₂O排放规律和损失量、籽粒产量及氮肥利用效率的影响。【结果】玉米田氮素气态损失以NH₃挥发为主，占氮素气态损失量的88.55%—96.42%，N₂O排放量较少。不同施肥处理显著影响NH₃和N₂O排放量及氮素利用效率。U₁处理NH₃挥发量最高，两年平均为38.19 kg·hm^-2；以M₁处理最低，为19.10 kg·hm^-2，U₂M₂处理介于两者之间，施用有机肥的M₁或U₂M₂处理可以显著降低NH₃挥发损失量。N₂O排放氮素损失以M₁处理最高，平均达到1.65 kg·hm^-2，较U₁和U₂M₂处理分别提高了77.42%和34.15%。2016—2017年不同施肥处理间籽粒产量差异显著，表现为U₂M₂＞U₁＞M₁＞CK，2016年U₂M₂处理籽粒产量较U₁和M₁处理分别提高了3.45%和5.25%，U₁和M₁处理之间籽粒产量无明显差异；2017年U₂M₂处理籽粒产量较U₁和M₁处理分别提高了5.83%和12.53%，U₁显著高于M₁处理，提高了6.33%。氮素利用效率以U₂M₂处理最高，平均为58.20%，较M₁和U₁处理分别提高了32.15%和15.13%。【结论】有机无机肥配施增加了干物质和氮素积累量，提高了夏玉米籽粒产量和氮素利用效率，较单施尿素氨挥发减少，较单施有机肥N₂O排放降低，是实现增产增效的合理施肥方式。

关键词: 夏玉米, 有机无机肥配施, 氮素气态损失, 籽粒产量

Abstract: 【Objective】 This study monitored emission regularity and loss of NH₃ and N₂O under different treatments in the summer maize fields on the long-term experiment platform, to explore effective ways to reduce gaseous nitrogen losses in summer maize field in the Huanghuaihai region, in order to provide a theoretical basis for improving the yield of summer maize and fertilizer use efficiency. 【Method】 The experiment was conducted with lysimeters in 2016-2017. The maize cultivar of Zhengdan 958 (ZD958) was used as experimented material. The venting method was used to monitor NH₃ volatilization, and the static box-gas chromatography method was used to monitor losses of N₂O under four fertilization modes, including organic manure (M₁), organic manure plus chemical N fertilizer (1/2 N from organic manure, 1/2 from urea; U₂M₂), Urea (U₁) and no N fertilizer (CK). The content of nitrogen in M₁, U₁ and U₂M₂ treatment were equal. 【Result】 Loss of gaseous nitrogen in maize field was dominated by NH₃ volatilization, accounting for 88.55%-96.42% of the total nitrogen gaseous loss and N₂O emissions was less. NH₃ volatilization was the highest under U₁ treatment, with an average of 38.19 kg·hm^-2of 2016 and 2017; the lowest treatment with M₁was 19.10 kg·hm^-2, indicating that single application of organic fertilizer or organic-inorganic combination application could significantly reduce NH₃ volatilization. N₂O emission was highest under M₁ treatment, which reached an average of 1.65 kg·hm^-2, and then 77.42% and 34.15% higher than those of U₁ and U₂M₂ treatment, respectively. Nitrogen use efficiency of U₂M₂ treatment was the highest, with an average of 58.20%; compared with M₁ and U₁ treatment, which increased 32.15% and 15.13%, respectively. The results showed that there was significant difference in yield among different fertilization treatments from 2016 to 2017, which showed U₂M₂> U₁> M₁> CK. Compared with the U₁ and M₁ treatment in 2016, the yield of U₂M₂ treatment was increased by 3.45% and 5.25%, respectively, and there was no significant difference in yield between U₁ and M₁ treatment. Compared with the U₁ and M₁ treatment in 2017, the yield of U₂M₂ treatment was increased by 5.83% and 12.53%, respectively, and the yield under U₁ treatment was significantly higher than that of M₁ treatment, increased of 6.33%. 【Conclusion】 Compared with single application of urea, organic-inorganic combination application could effectively reduce gaseous loss of nitrogen. Organic-inorganic combination application increased nitrogen use efficiency, dry matter and nitrogen accumulation, and maize grain yield, therefore, it was a reasonable way to increase yield and nitrogen utilization efficiency.

Key words: summer maize, organic manure and chemical fertilizers, loss of gaseous nitrogen, grain yield

杨清龙，刘鹏，董树亭，张吉旺，赵斌，李荣发，任昊，任寒，韩祥飞. 有机无机肥配施对夏玉米氮素气态损失及籽粒产量的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2018, 51(13): 2476-2488.

YANG QingLong, LIU Peng, DONG ShuTing, ZHANG JiWang, ZHAO Bin, LI RongFa, REN Hao, REN Han, HAN XiangFei. Effects of Combined Application of Manure and Chemical Fertilizers on Loss of Gaseous Nitrogen and Yield of Summer Maize[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2018, 51(13): 2476-2488.

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