中国农业科学 ›› 2021, Vol. 54 ›› Issue (20): 4385-4395.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2021.20.012
王瑾瑜1(),程文龙2,槐圣昌1,武红亮1,邢婷婷1,于伟家1,武际2,李敏2,卢昌艾1(
)
收稿日期:
2020-11-14
接受日期:
2020-12-29
出版日期:
2021-10-16
发布日期:
2021-10-25
通讯作者:
卢昌艾
作者简介:
王瑾瑜,Tel:17735133681;E-mail: 基金资助:
WANG JinYu1(),CHENG WenLong2,HUAI ShengChang1,WU HongLiang1,XING TingTing1,YU WeiJia1,WU Ji2,LI Min2,LU ChangAi1(
)
Received:
2020-11-14
Accepted:
2020-12-29
Online:
2021-10-16
Published:
2021-10-25
Contact:
ChangAi LU
摘要:
【目的】针对我国长江中下游地区稻麦轮作区常年浅耕与不合理施肥导致的土壤犁底层增厚与土壤板结的问题,研究深耕(打破部分犁底层)与施肥方式对稻田土壤容重、土壤紧实度、土壤水分渗漏量、氮素淋溶量及氮素形态的影响,阐明稻田氮素淋溶量与耕作、施肥方式的响应机制,为稻田合理耕层构建提供理论依据。【方法】(1)基于2015年安徽省舒城县设置两种耕作方式(旋耕12 cm、深翻20 cm)、3种等氮量施肥方式(仅施化肥处理T1、秸秆还田配施化肥处理T2、有机与无机肥配施处理T3)的田间定位试验,2019—2020年监测土壤容重与紧实度以及稻季水分渗漏与氮素淋溶量。(2)通过原状土柱模拟试验,研究深翻30 cm(打破犁底层)对稻田水分渗漏量的影响。【结果】(1)田间试验结果表明,深翻20 cm较旋耕12 cm降低了耕层土壤容重与紧实度,但没有显著增加水稻生育期的水分渗漏量,仅在分蘖期增加7.4%,孕穗期之后无显著影响。(2)土柱试验结果显示,深翻30 cm(打破犁底层)水分渗漏量较旋耕12 cm和深翻20 cm显著增加,淹水时分别增加19.0%与11.0%,非淹水时分别增加23.0%与21.5%。(3)田间试验水分渗漏液中的氮素主要以硝态氮的形式存在,T3较T1和T2处理在水稻进入孕穗期后显著降低渗漏液中硝态氮的浓度;各施肥处理间铵态氮浓度差异不显著。(4)从整个水稻生育期看,两种耕作方式对氮素淋溶量影响不显著,而3种施肥方式下氮素淋溶量存在明显差异,T3处理降低了氮素淋溶量。深翻条件下T1、T2与T3处理氮素淋溶量分别为10.69、11.74和9.14 kg N·hm-2,旋耕条件下分别为9.83、11.21和8.58 kg N·hm-2。【结论】深翻20 cm可以改善土壤物理性状,但不会增加土壤水分渗漏及氮素淋溶;相同耕作方式下,有机与无机肥配施不会增加土壤水分渗漏与氮素淋溶。因此,在长江中下游黏质且犁底层厚(如红黄壤型)的水稻土区,部分打破犁底层,有机与无机肥配施,可构建深厚肥沃的耕作层,且不会增加水分渗漏和氮素的淋溶。
王瑾瑜,程文龙,槐圣昌,武红亮,邢婷婷,于伟家,武际,李敏,卢昌艾. 深翻、有机无机肥配施对稻田水分渗漏和氮素淋溶的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2021, 54(20): 4385-4395.
WANG JinYu,CHENG WenLong,HUAI ShengChang,WU HongLiang,XING TingTing,YU WeiJia,WU Ji,LI Min,LU ChangAi. Effects of Deep Plowing and Organic-Inorganic Fertilization on Soil Water and Nitrogen Leaching in Rice Field[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2021, 54(20): 4385-4395.
表2
田间管理及取样日期"
年份 Year | 水稻品种 Rice variety | 密度 Planting density (×103·hm-2) | 基肥日期 Basal fertilization date | 移栽日期 Transplanting date | 追肥日期 Topdressing date | 渗漏液取样日期 Sampling date | 收获日期 Harvest date |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2019 | 隆两优534 Longliangyou 534 | 210 | 6.2 | 6.7 | 6.17、7.9 | 6.19、7.1、7.11、7.21、8.1、8.11 | 9.14 |
2020 | 隆两优534 Longliangyou 534 | 210 | 6.3 | 6.8 | 6.17、7.9 | 6.19、7.1、7.11、7.21、8.1、8.11 | 9.13 |
表4
稻季不同耕作与施肥处理下氮素淋溶量"
耕作方式 Tillage methods | 施肥处理 Treatments | 氮素淋溶量 N leaching (kg N·hm-2) | 占总施氮量 Percentage of N leaching in N application (%) |
---|---|---|---|
深翻20 cm Deep plowing 20 cm | T1 | 10.69±0.54 Aa | 5.09 Aa |
T2 | 11.74±0.23 Aa | 5.59 Aa | |
T3 | 9.14±0.28 Ab | 4.35 Ab | |
旋耕12 cm Rotary tillage 12 cm | T1 | 9.83±0.55 Aab | 4.68 Aab |
T2 | 11.21±0.53 Aa | 5.34 Aa | |
T3 | 8.58±0.44 Ab | 4.09 Ab |
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