三种限水灌溉水平下中麦175干物质积累与水分利用特性解析

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2018.02.016

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 【目的】中麦175是中国北部冬麦区水浇地和黄淮旱肥地大面积种植的水旱兼用型小麦品种。研究旨在明确其干物质积累和水分利用特征，揭示节水高产机理为培育水旱兼用的广适型小麦新品种提供理论支撑和评价指标。【方法】在河北吴桥和北京顺义两个试验点，以中麦175和京冬17为试验材料，在3种限水灌溉（W0，全生育期不灌溉；W1，灌拔节水75 mm；W2，灌拔节水和开花水共150 mm）水平下，比较两个品种群体性能、干物质积累与分配、产量及水分利用效率（water use efficiency，WUE）等性状及其对供水的响应特征。【结果】两个品种的产量均在W2水平最高，随着灌水量减少产量降低；W0主要降低单位面积粒数（每平米穗数减少47—67穗，穗粒数减少1.6—5.1粒），W1主要降低千粒重（降低0.6—1.5 g）。水分亏缺显著降低蒸散量（ET）和群体生物量，但显著促进了花前积累的干物质向籽粒的转运，适度水分亏缺（W1）提高WUE。在3种灌溉水平下，中麦175的产量及其稳定性均优于京冬17，表现为穗数、花前干物质积累量及其向籽粒的转运量和转运率、收获指数（HI）均较高，灌浆期反映群体性能的归一化植被指数（NDVI）和气冠温差（CTD）指标值及反映品种抗旱性能的茎秆可溶性糖含量（WSC）含量均较高，全生育期ET和WUE较高，大部分产量性状的水分敏感性较弱。穗粒数和生物量对水分的敏感系数（WS）与产量对水分的WS呈密切相关性，而灌浆前期群体NDVI和CTD对水分的WS也与产量对水分的WS高度相关。【结论】前期干物质积累快、群体库容量大及花后群体性能稳定性强可能是中麦175节水高产的主要原因。不同供水条件下灌浆期群体NDVI和CTD的差异性可作为小麦品种对水分敏感性的快速综合评价指标。

关键词: 冬小麦, 水分利用效率, 水分敏感系数, 可溶性糖含量, 产量

Abstract: 【Objective】 Zhongmai 175 is a widely adapted and largely planted winter wheat cultivar both in irrigated areas of northern winter wheat zone and rainfed areas of Huang-Huai Rivers Valley wheat zone. Therefore, understanding its dry matter accumulation and water use performance could be helpful to reveal water saving and high-yielding mechanism of wheat.【Method】Field experiments were conducted in Wuqiao of Hebei province and in Shunyi of Beijing with two wheat cultivars (namely, Zhongmai 175 and Jingdong 17) under three limited irrigation levels, including no irrigation in whole growing stage (W0), irrigation in jointing stage (W1, 75 mm), and irrigations in jointing and flowering stage (W2, 75 mm +75 mm). Phenotypic traits such as population vitality, dry matter accumulation and distribution, yield and water use efficiency (WUE) were compared to understand the differences between the two cultivars as well as their responses to different irrigation levels.【Result】The highest yields were obtained under W2 treatment for both cultivars, while yield decreased with the reduction of irrigation. The W0 treatment mainly reduced the kernel number per square meter due to the remarkable decrease of 47-67 in spike number per square meter (SN) and 1.6-5.1 decrease in kernel number per spike (KNS). The W1 treatment mainly reduced the thousand-kernel weight (TKW) about 0.6-1.5 g. Water deficit notably reduced evapotranspiration (ET) and population biomass. Nevertheless, it remarkably increased the translocation amount (TA) of dry matter accumulated before flowering to grains. However, moderate water deficit (W1) increased the WUE of both cultivars. Compared with Jingdong 17, Zhongmai 175 showed higher yield and yield stability under different irrigation treatments. In Zhongmai 175, most of the physiological traits like normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), canopy temperature depression (CTD) and content of conserved water-soluble carbohydrates (WSC) in stem in middle grain-filling stage were higher; contrastingly, water sensitive coefficient (WS) of most yield traits was lower in Zhongmai 175. These characters might be the physiological basis for the high yield and efficiency of Zhongmai 175. The WS of KNS and biomass showed close correlation with WS of yield, as well as WS of NDVI and CTD in early stage of grain-filling.【Conclusion】The rapid accumulation of dry matter in early stage, large pool capacity and strong ability of population vitality might be the main reasons for the water-saving and high yield of Zhongmai 175. The differences of NDVI and CTD in early stage of grain-filling under different irrigation treatments could be used as fast and comprehensive evaluation parameters in detecting water sensitivity of different cultivars.

Key words: winter wheat, water use efficiency, water sensitive coefficient, content of conserved water-soluble carbohydrates, yield

李法计，徐学欣，何中虎，肖永贵，陈新民，王志敏. 三种限水灌溉水平下中麦175干物质积累与水分利用特性解析[J]. 中国农业科学, 2018, 51(2): 374-385.

LI FaJi, XU XueXin, HE ZhongHu, XIAO YongGui, CHEN XinMin, WANG ZhiMin. Dry Matter Accumulation and Water Use Performance of Winter Wheat Cultivar Zhongmai 175 Under Three Limited Irrigation Levels[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2018, 51(2): 374-385.

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