长期不同施肥对东北黑土区玉米产量稳定性的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2015.23.020

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 【目的】通过阐明长期不同施肥下东北黑土区玉米产量的变化规律及其稳定性差异，为建立合理施肥模式、促进东北黑土区玉米持续稳产和高产提供科学依据。【方法】以（公主岭）国家黑土肥力与肥料效益长期试验为研究平台，利用8种不同施肥模式（CK、NP、NK、PK、NPK、M₁NPK、SNPK和M₂NPK）的25年数据分析玉米产量变化及土壤养分状况对施肥模式的响应。【结果】长期有机肥与化肥配施玉米产量总体上表现为上升趋势，有机肥氮替代部分化肥氮的有机无机配施处理增产效果也较为明显；M₁NPK、SNPK和NPK 3个等氮量施肥处理玉米平均产量差异不显著，其前11年NPK处理玉米产量高于SNPK和M₁NPK处理，后14年NPK处理玉米产量低于SNPK和M₁NPK处理；施化肥处理玉米平均产量（1990—2014年）排序为NPK＞NP＞NK＞PK、CK。氮、磷和钾肥对玉米产量的增产效应差异较大，每千克氮肥、磷肥和钾肥的产量效应分别为33.0、16.2和15.3 kg。有机无机配施处理玉米产量可持续指数（SYI）值高，分布在0.712—0.798，玉米产量可持续性好，而不平衡施肥和不施肥处理的SYI值最低；CK、PK和NK处理玉米产量变异系数较大，分布在18.5%—34.7%，产量稳定性差，而有机无机配施处理相对较小都在10.8%—13.0%。在施肥处理中，PK处理平均生产力贡献率最低，仅为37.8%，但与氮配施平均生产力贡献率达到91.2%；NPK、M₁NPK与SNPK 3个等氮量施肥处理平均生产力贡献率差异不显著。长期施用有机肥可明显提高土壤有机质、全氮、有效磷和速效钾含量，施用化肥磷对土壤有效磷含量提高较显著，但施用化肥氮和钾分别对土壤全氮和速效钾含量提高效果不显著；通过相关性分析可知玉米产量与土壤有机质、全氮和速效磷均呈极显著正相关（P＜0.01），而与土壤速效钾含量呈显著正相关（P＜0.05）。【结论】长期不施肥或偏施化肥玉米产量的稳定性减弱、土壤生产力贡献率下降；平衡施用化肥可有效提高黑土区玉米产量稳定性和可持续性；有机肥与化肥配施具有明显的增产和稳产效果。因此，施用有机肥氮替代部分化肥氮的有机无机配施模式是东北黑土区最有效的施肥措施。

关键词: 黑土, 长期施肥, 玉米产量趋势, 产量稳定性

Abstract: 【Objective】This research was conducted to reveal the stability difference and dynamic of maize yield in the Northeast Black Soil region of China, and to provide scientific references for establishing the optimal fertilization pattern and promoting the sustainable production of maize.【Method】Based on the long-term experiment on Black Soil fertility and fertilizer efficiency in Gongzhuling city of Jilin province, the respond of maize yield and soil nutrient to eight fertilization patterns were analyzed: non-fertilization (CK), application of single chemical NP (NP), application of single chemical NK (NK), application of single chemical PK (PK), application of single chemical NPK (NPK), mixed application of low amounts of chemical fertilizer and manure (M₁NPK), chemical fertilizer plus maize straw (SNPK), and mixed application of high amount chemical fertilizer and manure M₂NPK).【Result】It was discovered that maize yield in chemical fertilizer plus organic manure treatments showed a significant increasing trend. There were no significant differences in average yields among the M₁NPK, SNPK, and NPK treatments, in which the same N amounts were applied. The NPK treatment had a higher maize yield than the M₁NPKand SNPK treatments in the first eleven years, but the result was the opposite in the recent fourteen years. Maize average yields of chemical fertilizer treatments showed an order of NPK＞NP＞NK＞PK and CK during a 25 year period. The yield effects of chemical fertilizers N, P, and K were 33.0, 16.2, and 5.3 kg·kg^-1 respectively. The application of organic fertilizer and chemical fertilizer had a higher sustainable yield index (SYI) from 0.712 to 0.798, but the SYI was very low in imbalance fertilization and no fertilizer treatments. The coefficient variation (CV) of maize yield was greater in the CK, PK, or NK treatments, which ranged from 18.5% to 34.7%, while the organic and inorganic fertilizer treatments had a lower CV of between 10.8%-13.0%. The average productivity contribution was 37.8%, 91.2% in the PK and NPK treatments respectively, and there were no significant differences in the productivity contribution among the M₁NPK, SNPK, and NPK treatments. Addition of organic fertilizer increased the contents of organic matter, total nitrogen, available phosphorus, and available potassium in soils. The contents of organic matter, total nitrogen, and available phosphorus were very significantly positively correlated with yield (P＜0.01), but available potassium was significantly positively correlated with yield (P＜0.05).【Conclusion】The stability of maize yield and soil productivity contribution decreased in the non-fertilization and partly applied chemical fertilizer treatments. A balanced application of chemical fertilizer improved the stability and sustainability of maize yield. A mixed application of organic fertilizer and chemical fertilizer could significantly increase yield. The treatments of M1NPK and SNPK could effectively save energy and reduce emission, as well as increase the stability of maize yield. Replacing chemical fertilizer N input with organic fertilizer N proved to be a feasible method for fertilization measures in the Black Soil region of Northeast China.

Key words: black soil, long-term fertilization, maize grain yield trend, yield stability

高洪军，彭畅，张秀芝，李强，朱平. 长期不同施肥对东北黑土区玉米产量稳定性的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2015, 48(23): 4790-4799.

GAO Hong-jun, PENG Chang, ZHANG Xiu-zhi, LI Qiang, ZHU Ping. Effect of Long-Term Different Fertilization on Maize Yield Stability in the Northeast Black Soil Region[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2015, 48(23): 4790-4799.

0
/ / 推荐

导出引用管理器 EndNote|Reference Manager|ProCite|BibTeX|RefWorks

链接本文: https://www.chinaagrisci.com/CN/10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2015.23.020

https://www.chinaagrisci.com/CN/Y2015/V48/I23/4790

参考文献

[1] Chaudhury J, Mandal U K, Sharma K L, Ghosh H, Mandal B. Assessing soil quality under long-term rice based cropping system. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 2005, 36: 1141-1161.

[2] Ladha J K, Dawe D, Pathak H. How extensive are yield declines in long-term rice-wheat experiments in Asia. Field Crops Research, 2003, 81(2/3): 159-180.

[3] Manna M C, Swarup A, Wanjari R H, Mishra B, Shahi D K. Long-term fertilization, manure and liming effects on soil organic matter and crop yields. Soil and Tillage Research,2007, 94(2): 397-409.

[4] 陈欢, 曹承富, 孔令聪, 张存岭, 李玮, 乔玉强, 杜世州, 赵竹. 长期施肥下淮北砂姜黑土区小麦产量稳定性研究. 中国农业科学, 2014, 47(13): 2580-2590.

Chen H, Cao C F, Kong L C, Zhang C L, Li W, Qiao Y Q, Du S Z, Zhao Z. Study on wheat yield stability in Huaibei lime concretion Black Soil area based on long-term fertilization experiment. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2014, 47(13): 2580-2590. (in Chinese)

[5] 门明新, 李新旺, 许皞. 长期施肥对华北平原潮土作物产量及稳定性的影响. 中国农业科学, 2008, 41(8): 2339-2346.

Men M X, Li X W, Xu H. Effects of long- term fertilization on crop yield and stability. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2008, 41(8): 2339-2346. (in Chinese)

[6] 宋永林, 唐华俊, 李小平. 长期施肥对作物产量及褐潮土有机质变化的影响研究. 华北农学报, 2007, 22(增刊): 100-105.

Song Y L, Tang H J, Li X P. The effects of long-term fertilization on crop yield and aqui-cinnamon soil organic matter. Acta Agriculturae Boreali-Sinica, 2007, 22(Suppl.): 100-105. (in Chinese)

[7] 马力, 杨林章, 沈明星, 夏立忠, 李运东, 刘国华, 殷士学. 基于长期定位试验的典型稻麦轮作区作物产量稳定性研究. 农业工程学报, 2011, 27(4): 117-124.

Ma L, Yang L Z, Shen M X, Xia L Z, Li Y D, Liu G H, Yin S X. Study on crop yield stability in a typical region of rice-wheat rotation based on long-term fertilization experiment. Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 2011, 27(4): 117-124. (in Chinese)

[8] 鲍士旦. 土壤农业化学分析. 北京: 中国农业出版社, 2005.
Bao S D. Soil and Agricultural Chemistry Analysis. Beijing: China Agriculture Press, 2005. (in Chinese)

[9] Manna M C, Swarup A, Wanjari P H, Ravankar H N, Mishra B, Saha M N, Singh Y V, Sahi D K, Sarap P A. Long-term effect of fertilizer and manure application on soil organic carbon storage, soil quality and yield sustainability under sub-humid and semi-arid tropical. India Field Crops Research, 2005, 93: 264-280.

[10] 刘振兴, 杨振华, 邱孝煊, 刘玉环, 林炎金, 庄淑英, 方红, 林增泉. 肥料增产贡献率及其对土壤有机质的影响. 植物营养与肥料学报, 1994, 1(1): 19-26.

Liu Z X, Yang X H, Qiu X X, Liu Y H, Lin Y J, Zhuang S Y, Fang H, Lin Z Q. Contribution of fertilizers to yield increase and its effect on soil organic matter. Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science, 1994, 1(1): 19-26. (in Chinese)

[11] 杨生茂, 李凤民, 索东让, 郭天文, 汪建国. 长期施肥对绿洲农田土壤生产力及土壤硝态氮积累的影响. 中国农业科学, 2005, 38(10): 2043-2052.

Yang S M, Li F M, Suo D R, Guo T W, Wang J G. .Effect of long-term fertilization on soil productivity and nitrate accumulation in Gansu Oasis. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2005, 38(10): 2043-2052. (in Chinese)

[12] Chauhan S K, Chauhan C P, Minhas P S. Effect of cyclic use and blending of alkali and good quality waters on soil properties, yield and quality of potato, sunflower and Sesbania. Irrigable Science, 2007, 26: 81-89.

[13] Drury C F, Tan C S. Long-term (35 years) effects of fertilization, rotation and weather on corn yield. Canadian Plant Science, 1995, 75: 355-362.

[14] William S, Mohamed H G. Sustainable crop production intensification in the Senegal and Niger River basins of francophone West Africa. International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability, 2011, 9(1): 171-185.

[15] 李忠芳, 徐明岗, 张会民, 张文菊. 长期不同施肥模式对我国玉米产量可持续性的影响. 玉米科学, 2009, 17(6): 82-87.

Li Z F, Xu M G, Zhang H M, Zhang W J. Effects of long-term different fertilizations on sustainability of maize yield in China. Journal of Maize Sciences, 2009, 17(6): 82-87. (in Chinese)

[16] 赵云英, 谢永生, 郝明德. 黄土旱塬小麦长期施肥的产量效应及土壤肥力变化. 西北农业学报, 2007, 16(5): 75-79, 88.

Zhao Y Y, Xie Y S, Hao M D. Yield effects and soil fertility evolution of long-term application of fertilizer on wheat in dry land of Loess Plateau. Acta Agriculturae Boreali-occidentalis Sinica, 2007, 16(5): 75-79. 88. (in Chinese)

[17] 马俊永, 李科江, 曹彩云, 郑春莲. 有机-无机肥长期配施对潮土土壤肥力和作物产量的影响. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2007, 13(2): 236-241.

Ma J Y, Li K J, Cao C Y, Zheng C L. Effect of long-term located organic-inorganic fertilizer application on fluvo-aquic soil fertility and crop yield. Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science, 2007, 13(2): 236-241. (in Chinese)

[18] 李忠芳, 徐明岗, 张会民, 张文菊, 高静. 长期施肥下中国主要粮食作物产量的变化. 中国农业科学, 2009, 42(7): 2407-2414.

Li Z F, Xu M G, Zhang H M, Zhang W J, Gao J. Grain yield trends of different food crop under long-term fertilization in China. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2009, 42(7): 2407-2414. (in Chinese)

[19] 俄胜哲, 杨生茂, 郭永杰, 索东让, 杨思存. 长期施肥对河西绿洲灌漠土作物产量及土壤养分自然供给能力的影响. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2010, 16(4): 786-793.

E S Z, Yang S M, Guo Y J, Suo D R, Yang S C. Effects of long-term fertilization on crop yield and indigenous soil nutrient supply in Hexi Oasis of Gansu province. Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science, 2010, 16(4): 786 -793. (in Chinese)

[20] 张会民. 长期施肥下我国典型农田土壤钾素演变特征及机理[D]. 杨凌: 西北农林科技大学, 2007.

Zhang H M. Evolution characteristics and mechanism of potassium in typical agricultural soils under long-term fertilization [D]. Yangling:Northwest A&F University, 2007. (in Chinese)

[21] 李秀英, 李燕婷, 赵秉强, 李小平, 王丽霞, 张振山. 褐潮土长期定位不同施肥制度土壤生产功能演化研究. 作物学报, 2006, 32(5): 683-689.

Li X Y, Li Y T, Zhao B Q, Li X P, Wang L X, Zhang Z S. The dynamics of crop yields under different fertilization systems in Drab Fluvo-aquic soil. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2006, 32(5): 683-689. (in Chinese)

[22] 宇万太, 赵鑫, 张璐, 马强. 长期施肥对作物产量的贡献. 生态学杂志, 2007, 26(12): 2040-2044.

Yu W T, Zhao X, Zhang L, Ma Q. Contribution of long-term fertilization to crop yield. Chinese Journal of Ecology, 2007, 26(12): 2040-2044. (in Chinese)

[23] 古巧珍, 杨学云, 孙本华, 马路军, 同延安, 赵秉强, 张夫道. 长期定位施肥对土耕层土壤养分和土地生产力的影响. 西北农业学报, 2004, 13(3): 121-125.

Gu Q Z, Yang X Y, Sun B H, Ma L J, Tong Y A, Zhao B Q , Zhang F D. Effects of long-term fertilization on soil nutrition and land productivity in topsoil of Loess soil. Acta Agricultural Boreali- occidentalis Sinica, 2004, 13(3): 121-125. (in Chinese)

[24] 索东让, 王平. 长期定位施肥对土地生产力的影响. 西北农业学报, 2000, 9(3): 72-75.

Suo D R, Wang P. Effect of long-term located fertilization on land productivity. Acta Agricultural Boreali-occidentalis Sinica, 2000, 9(3): 72-75. (in Chinese)

[25] 金绍龄, 李隆, 张丽慧, 马永泰. 小麦/玉米带田土壤肥力变化及培肥. 西北农业大学学报, 1996, 24(5): 49-54.

Jin S L, Li L, Zhang L H, Ma Y T. Soil fertility change and fertility improvement in wheat/maize strip intercropping. The Journal of Northwest Agricultural University, 1996, 24(5): 49-54. (in Chinese)

[26] Smith P. Carbon sequestration in croplands: The potential in Europe and the global context. European Journal of Agronomy, 2004, 20(3): 229-236.

[27] Wang C J, Pan G X, Tian Y G, Li L Q, Zhang X H, Han X J. Changes in cropland topsoil organic carbon with different fertilizations under long-term agro-ecosystem experiments across mainland China. Science China Life Science, 2010, 53: 858-867.

[28] 佟小刚, 黄绍敏, 徐明岗, 卢昌艾, 张文菊. 长期不同施肥模式对潮土有机碳组分的影响. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2009, 15(4): 831-836.

Tong X G, Huang S M, Xu M G, Lu C A, Zhang W J. Effects of the different long-term fertilizations on fractions of organic carbon in fluvo-aquic soil. Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science, 2009, 15(4): 831-836. (in Chinese)

[29] 徐明岗, 梁国庆, 张夫道. 中国土壤肥力演变. 北京: 中国农业科学技术出版社, 2006.

Xu M G, Liang G Q, Zhang F D. China Soil Fertility Evolution. Beijing: China Agricultural Science and Technology Press, 2006. (in Chinese)

[30] 隋跃宇, 张兴义, 焦晓光, 王其存, 赵军. 长期不同施肥制度对农田黑土有机质和氮素的影响. 水土保持学报, 2005, 19(6): 190-192, 200.

Sui Y Y, Zhang X Y, Jiao X G, Wang Q C, Zhao J. Effect of long-term different fertilizer applications on organic matter and nitrogen of black farmland. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 2005, 19(6): 190-192, 200. (in Chinese)

[31] 周宝库. 长期施肥条件下黑土肥力变化特征研究[D]. 北京: 中国农业科学院, 2011.

Zhou B K. Changes of black soil fertility under long-term fertilization [D]. Beijing: Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2011. (in Chinese)

[32] 高静. 长期施肥下我国典型农田土壤磷库与作物磷肥效率的演变特征[D]. 北京: 中国农业科学院, 2009.

Gao J. Evolution characteristics of soil phosphorus pool and efficiency of phosphorus fertilizer in typical cropland of China under long-term fertilization [D]. Beijing: Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2009. (in Chinese)