Antoniadis V, Shaheen S M, Levizou E, Shahid M, Niazi N K, Vithanage M, Ok Y S, Bolan N, Rinklebe J. 2019. A critical prospective analysis of the potential toxicity of trace element regulation limits in soils worldwide: Are they protective concerning health risk assessment? - A review. Environment International, 127, 819–847.

Ashraf S, Ali Q, Zahir Z A, Ashraf S, Asghar H N. 2019. Phytoremediation: Environmentally sustainable way for reclamation of heavy metal polluted soils. Environmental Safety, 174, 714–727.

Awa S H, Hadibarata T. 2020. Removal of heavy metals in contaminated soil by phytoremediation mechanism: A review. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 231, 47.

Banerjee A, Sanyal S, Sen S. 2012. Soil phosphatase activity of agricultural land: A possible index of soil fertility. Agricultural Science Research Journals, 2, 412–419.

Brooker R W, Pakeman R J, Adam E, Banfield-Zanin J A, Bertelsen I, Bickler C, Fog-Petersen J, George D, Newton A C, Rubiales D, Tavoletti S, Villegas-Fernández A M, Karley A J. 2024. Positive effects of intercrop yields in farms from across Europe depend on rainfall, crop composition, and management. Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 44, 35.

Carvalho M, Brito I, Alho L, Goss M J. 2015. Assessing the progress of colonization by arbuscular mycorrhiza of four plant species under different temperature regimes. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, 178, 515–522.

Chen W Z, Kang Z M, Yang Y N, Li Y S, Qiu R L, Qin J H, Li H S. 2022. Interplanting of rice cultivars with high and low Cd accumulation can achieve the goal of “repairing while producing” in Cd-contaminated soil. Science of the Total Environment, 851, 158229.

Chen W Z, Li M, Huang P Y, Meng D L, Ying J D, Yang Y N, Qiu R L, Li H S. 2023. The application of mixed stabilizing materials promotes the feasibility of the intercropping system of Gynostemma pentaphyllum/Helianthus annuus L. on arsenic contaminated soil. Journal of Environmental Management, 348, 119284.

Curtright A J, Tiemann L K. 2021. Intercropping increases soil extracellular enzyme activity: A meta-analysis. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 319, 107489.

Diagne N, Ngom M, Djighaly P I, Fall D, Hocher V, Svistoonoff S. 2020. Roles of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on plant growth and performance: Importance in biotic and abiotic stressed regulation. Diversity, 12, 370.

Frankeberger W T, Johanson J B. 1983. Method of measuring invertase activity in soils. Plant and Soil, 74, 301–311.

Giovannetti M, Mosse B. 1980. An evaluation of techniques for measuring vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal infection in roots. New Phytologist, 84, 489–500.

Gou F, Van Ittersum M K, Couëdel A, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Van Der Putten P E, Zhang L, Van Der Werf W. 2018. Intercropping with wheat lowers nutrient uptake and biomass accumulation of maize, but increases photosynthetic rate of the ear leaf. AoB Plants, 10, ply10.

Hao B, Zhang Z, Bao Z, Hao L, Diao F, Li F Y, Guo W. 2022. Claroideoglomus etunicatum affects the structural and functional genes of the rhizosphere microbial community to help maize resist Cd and La stresses. Environmental Pollution, 307, 119559.

Ingraffia R, Amato G, Frenda A S, Giambalvo D. 2019. Impacts of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on nutrient uptake, N2 fixation, N transfer, and growth in a wheat/faba bean intercropping system. PLoS ONE, 14, e213672.

Johnson J L, Temple K L. 1964. Some variables affecting the measurement of “catalase activity” in soil. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 28, 207–209.

Kang Z, Gong M, Li Y, Chen W, Yang Y, Qin J, Li H. 2021. Low Cd-accumulating rice intercropping with Sesbania cannabina L. reduces grain Cd while promoting phytoremediation of Cd-contaminated soil. Science of the Total Environment, 800, 149600.

Kang Z, Zhang W, Qin J, Li S, Yang X, Wei X, Li H. 2020. Yield advantage and cadmium decreasing of rice in intercropping with water spinach under moisture management. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 190, 110102.

Khairy M, El-Safty S A, Shenashen M A. 2014. Environmental remediation and monitoring of cadmium. TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 62, 56–68.

Lam M H, Tjia A Y, Chan C, Chan W, Lee W. 1997. Speciation study of chromium, copper and nickel in coastal estuarine sediments polluted by domestic and industrial effluents. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 34, 949–959.

Lei L, Zhu Q, Xu P, Jing Y. 2021. The intercropping and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus decrease Cd accumulation in upland rice and improve phytoremediation of Cd-contaminated soil by Sphagneticola calendulacea (L.) Pruski. Journal of Environmental Management, 298, 113516.

Li H, Luo N, Zhang L J, Zhao H M, Li Y W, Cai Q Y, Wong M H, Mo C H. 2016. Do arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi affect cadmium uptake kinetics, subcellular distribution and chemical forms in rice? Science of the Total Environment, 571, 1183–1190.

Li M, Wang W, Yin H, Chen Y, Ashraf M, Tao H, Li S, Wang W, Yang C, Xiao Y, Zhu L, Xiong Y. 2025. The functional role of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in enhancing soil organic carbon stocks and stability in dryland. Soil and Tillage Research 248, 106443.

Li X, Wang Y, Guo P, Zhang Z, Cui X, Hao B, Guo W. 2023. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi facilitate Astragalus adsurgens growth and stress tolerance in cadmium and lead contaminated saline soil by regulating rhizosphere bacterial community. Applied Soil Ecology, 187, 104842.

Luo N, Li X, Chen A Y, Zhang L J, Zhao H M, Xiang L, Cai Q Y, Mo C H, Wong M H, Li H. 2017. Does arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus affect cadmium uptake and chemical forms in rice at different growth stages? Science of the Total Environment, 599, 1564–1572.

Meena R S, Vijayakumar V, Yadav G S, Mitran T. 2018. Response and interaction of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in the soybean rhizosphere. Plant Growth Regulation, 84, 207–223.

Ng C W W, San S P, Wong J T F, Lau S Y. 2023. Intercropping of Pinellia ternata (herbal plant) with Sedum alfredii (Cd-hyperaccumulator) to reduce soil cadmium (Cd) absorption and improve yield. Environmental Pollution, 318, 120930.

Qiao X, Bei S, Li H, Christie P, Zhang F, Zhang J. 2016. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi contribute to overyielding by enhancing crop biomass while suppressing weed biomass in intercropping systems. Plant and Soil, 406, 173–185.

Rai P K, Sonne C, Kim K H. 2023. Heavy metals and arsenic stress in food crops: Elucidating antioxidative defense mechanisms in hyperaccumulators for food security, agricultural sustainability, and human health. Science of the Total Environment, 874, 162327.

Song C, Wang W, Gan Y, Wang L, Chang X, Wang Y, Yang W. 2022. Growth promotion ability of phosphate-solubilizing bacteria from the soybean rhizosphere under maize–soybean intercropping systems. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 102, 1430–1442.

Subramanian K S, Meranger J C, MacKeen J E. 1983. Graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry with matrix modification for determination of cadmium and lead in human urine. Analytical Chemistry, 55, 1064–1067.

Sun B, Zhao F J, Lombi E, McGrath S P. 2001. Leaching of heavy metals from contaminated soils using EDTA. Environmental Pollution, 113, 111–120.

Tessier A, Campbell P G C, Bisson M. 1979. Sequential extraction procedure for the speciation of particulate trace metals. Analytical Chemistry, 51, 844–851.

Wang J, Lu X, Zhang J, Ouyang Y, Wei G, Xiong Y. 2020. Rice intercropping with alligator flag (Thalia dealbata): A novel model to produce safe cereal grains while remediating cadmium contaminated paddy soil. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 394, 122505.

Wang Q, Que X. 2013. Phytoremediation-a green approach to environmental clean-up. Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture, 21, 261–266. (in Chinese)

Wang W, Chen G, Li M, Chen Y, Wang Y, Tao H, Hou H, Rehman M M U, Ashraf M, Song Y, Kavagi L, Wang B, Xiong Y. 2024. Long-term cereal-legume intercropping accelerates soil organic carbon loss in subsoil of dryland. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 211, 107898.

Wang Z, Zhang J, Christie P, Li X. 2008. Influence of inoculation with Glomus mosseae or Acaulospora morrowiae on arsenic uptake and translocation by maize. Plant and Soil, 311, 235–244.

Wen B, Zhang X, Ren S, Duan Y, Zhang Y, Zhu X, Wang Y, Ma Y, Fang W. 2020. Characteristics of soil nutrients, heavy metals and tea quality in different intercropping patterns. Agroforestry Systems, 94, 963–974.

Yan Z, Chu J, Nie J, Qu X, Sanchez-Rodriguez A R, Yang Y, Pavinato P S, Zeng Z, Zang H. 2024. Legume-based crop diversification with optimal nitrogen fertilization benefits subsequent wheat yield and soil quality. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 374, 109171.

Yang X, Qin J, Li J, Lai Z, Li H. 2021. Upland rice intercropping with Solanum nigrum inoculated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi reduces grain Cd while promoting phytoremediation of Cd-contaminated soil. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 406, 124325.

Yu Y, Stomph T J, Makowski D, Van der Werf W. 2015. Temporal niche differentiation increases the land equivalent ratio of annual intercrops: A meta-analysis. Field Crops Research, 184, 133–144.

Zhang R, Huang Y, Liu Y, Liu Q, Zhang L, Li Z, Xu Y, Lin L, Wang L. 2023. Effects of mutual intercropping on cadmium accumulation of Solanum photeinocarpum Nakamura et Odashima and its post-grafting generations. International Journal of Phytoremediation, 25, 350–358.

Zhang Y, Sun Z, Su Z, Du G, Bai W, Wang Q, Wang R, Nie J, Sun T, Feng C, Zhang Z, Yang N, Zhang X, Evers J B, Van der Werf W, Zhang L. 2022. Root plasticity and interspecific complementarity improve yields and water use efficiency of maize/soybean intercropping in a water-limited condition. Field Crops Research, 282, 108523.

Zou M M, Zhou S L, Zhou Y J, Jia Z Y, Guo T W, Wang J X. 2021. Cadmium pollution of soil–rice ecosystems in rice cultivation dominated regions in China: A review. Environmental Pollution, 280, 116965.