Under reduced nitrogen fertilizer conditions, increasing wheat planting density to enhance sink capacity for achieving high productivity

doi:10.1016/j.jia.2026.03.015

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Yakun Li¹, Jianli Liu¹, Jianping Tang¹, Yimou Zuo¹, Aqing Gao¹, Xiaoyan Gu²^#, Vinay Nangia³,Yang Liu¹^#

¹College of Agronomy/State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China

²Crop Research Institute of Hunan Province, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410125, China

³International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), P.O. Box 6299-10112, Rabat, Morocco

Highlights

The practice of reducing nitrogen while increasing planting density effectively maintains yield while improving nitrogen use efficiency.

Sink limitation predominantly occurs under non-nitrogen-limiting conditions.

Increasing plant density in conjunction with reduced nitrogen application significantly boosts sink capacity and the grain-to-leaf ratio.

An elevated grain-to-leaf ratio facilitates greater post-anthesis dry matter accumulation and enhances nitrogen remobilization.

Abstract
References

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摘要

减氮是提高作物氮素利用效率的有效策略，但往往导致单位面积穗数减少。增加种植密度可通过提高单位面积粒数来增强库容量。然而，减氮增密的组合策略能否维持或提高小麦产量，及其潜在的源库调控机制尚不清楚。本研究选用两个库特征不同的小麦品种——多穗型品种西农20（XN20）和大穗型品种兰考矮早8（LKAZ8），采用裂区试验设计，设置三个施氮水平和两个种植密度。结果表明，减氮增密的组合策略显著提高了地上部干物质量、籽粒产量和氮素利用效率。减氮使叶面积指数降低了1.61%–22.39%，而增加密度使叶面积指数提高了2.99%–14.13%，库容量提高了3.08%–27.58%，并优化了粒叶比。粒叶比与花后干物质积累量和氮素再转运量呈显著正相关。与常规氮肥和密度管理相比，减氮增密综合策略通过增强源供应能力、提高库容量并优化粒叶比来改善源库关系，进而促进了花后干物质积累和氮素再转运，加强了源供应与库需求之间的协调性。这些研究结果为揭示减氮增密条件下小麦源库关系的调控机制提供了新见解，也为实现小麦高产与氮高效协同达标提供了科学依据。

Abstract

Nitrogen reduction is an effective strategy for improving nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) in crops, but it often leads to a decrease in grain number per unit area. Increasing planting density can enhance sink capacity by raising the number of grains per unit area. However, it remains unclear whether the combined strategy of reducing nitrogen input while increasing planting density can sustain or improve wheat yield, as well as the underlying source-sink regulatory mechanisms. In this study, two wheat cultivars with contrasting sink characteristics were selected: the multi-spike cultivar XN20 (Xinong 20) and the large-spike cultivar LKAZ8 (Lankaoaizao 8). A split-plot experimental design was adopted, involving three nitrogen levels and two planting densities. The results showed that the combined strategy of reducing nitrogen and increasing density significantly enhanced aboveground dry matter, grain yield, and NUE. While nitrogen reduction decreased the leaf area index (LAI) by 1.61–22.39%, increased planting density raised LAI by 2.99–14.13%, sink capacity by 3.08–27.58%, and improved the grain-to-leaf area ratio (GN-LAR). GN-LAR was significantly positively correlated with post-anthesis dry matter accumulation and nitrogen remobilization. Compared with conventional nitrogen and density management, the integrated strategy enhanced source supply, improved the source-sink relationship by increasing sink capacity and optimizing GN-LAR, and thereby promoted post-anthesis dry matter accumulation and nitrogen remobilization, strengthening the coordination between source supply and sink demand. These findings provide new insights into the regulatory mechanisms of the source-sink relationship in wheat under conditions of reduced nitrogen and increased planting density, offering a scientific basis for achieving a balance between high yield and high NUE in wheat production.

Keywords: nitrogen application rate planting density wheat source-sink relationship grain yield nitrogen use efficiency

Online: 10 March 2026

Fund:

This work was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2024YFD2300205), and the Key Research and Development Program of Shaanxi (2024NC-ZDCYL-01-12).

About author: #Correspondence Yang Liu, E-mail: liuyang0328@126.com; yangl@nwafu.edu.cn; Xiaoyan Gu, E-mail: 1258831769@qq.com

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Yakun Li, Jianli Liu, Jianping Tang, Yimou Zuo, Aqing Gao, Xiaoyan Gu, Vinay Nangia, Yang Liu. 2026. Under reduced nitrogen fertilizer conditions, increasing wheat planting density to enhance sink capacity for achieving high productivity. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, Doi:10.1016/j.jia.2026.03.015

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