Linked swine feed balanced strategy and manure management systems: Dual mitigation of nutrient element excretion and composting gaseous emissions

doi:10.1016/j.jia.2026.02.019

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Xiaomin Shi¹^*, Lin Lu¹^*, Shengkai Li^1*, Haitao Wei¹, Ming Liu¹, Xiangfang Zeng², Shiyan Qiao², Junyan Zhou¹^#

¹College of Animal Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China

²College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China

Highlights

l Low protein balanced diet (LPBD) increased C and N absorption and reduced pollutant excretion.

l LPBD pig manure-sawdust (LPSD) composting reduced CO₂, CH₄, N₂O, and NH₃ emissions.

l LPBD manure altered compost conditions, influencing microbes and genes to cut GHGs and NH₃.

Abstract
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摘要

【目的】低蛋白饲粮可降低养猪蛋白摄入，但在实际生产中常受“能量与氨基酸吸收不同步”限制，导致营养利用提升有限；同时，饲料结构改变是否会通过粪便底物性质影响后续堆肥排放仍缺乏系统证据。本研究提出假设：通过优化碳水化合物与蛋白质的消化释放节律，提高碳氮消化同步性，可提升猪体内营养沉积，并在粪污堆肥阶段降低污染气体生成。

【方法】设置低蛋白平衡饲粮（LPBD）与高蛋白传统饲粮（HPTD），开展生长猪饲喂试验与代谢平衡试验，测定生长性能、氮与能量摄入及粪尿排泄；并用体外胃—小肠消化模型获取葡萄糖与氨基酸的动态释放曲线以表征消化同步性。随后将两处理来源粪便与锯末混合进行好氧堆肥，连续监测堆体理化指标与NH₃、CO₂、CH₄、N₂O等污染气体排放，并通过宏基因组分析解析微生物群落与碳氮循环功能基因变化，结合路径分析评估“饲粮—粪便底物—堆肥环境—功能基因/酶系—气体排放”的关联。

【结果】LPBD在降低氮摄入的同时维持了猪生长表现，并减少了粪尿中含氮与含能物质的排泄，提示营养沉积效率提高；体外消化结果显示LPBD具有更协调的葡萄糖与氨基酸释放节律。与HPTD来源粪便相比，LPBD来源粪便在堆肥过程中显著降低了NH₃及温室气体的累计排放。宏基因组结果表明，LPBD通过改变粪便碳氮组成与底物可利用性，重塑堆肥微生物群落结构与功能基因谱，碳水化合物降解相关酶系（CAZymes）及氮转化相关基因（如nirK、nosZ、nifH等）发生响应变化；路径分析进一步表明，底物驱动的堆体环境因子变化可通过功能基因/酶系间接调控气体排放。

【结论】优化低蛋白饲粮消化同步性不仅提高猪体内营养利用，也会通过粪便底物“前端调控效应”降低堆肥阶段污染气体生成。该结果为将饲料配方与粪污处理联动优化提供了可检验的机制解释与技术方向。

Abstract

Intensive swine production causes nutrient losses and enhanced gaseous emissions during manure management, which disrupts nutrient cycling within agricultural systems and threatens agroecosystem sustainability. Prior research has typically examined feeding and manure management as isolated processes, failing to integrate these two components to improve system performance, and this gap limits the design of integrated agricultural systems. Here, we implemented a low-protein balanced diet (LPBD) system and compared it with a high-protein traditional diet (HPTD) to evaluate impacts on swine growth performance and nutrient-use efficiency, followed by sawdust co-composting of the resulting manures. System responses were quantified through integrated monitoring of nutrient excretion, compost physicochemical properties, and gaseous emissions, together with metagenomic profiling of microbial communities and functional genes and subsequent path modeling to resolve key interaction pathways across the feed–compost agricultural system. We found that LPBD improved C/N digestion synchronization, reduced protein/energy excretion, and maintained swine productivity, while markedly decreased CO₂, CH₄, N₂O and NH₃ emissions during composting. Metagenomics indicated that LPBD enriched N-cycling genes (nirK, nosZ, nifH) and restructured CAZyme repertoires and microbial communities, patterns consistent with lower NH₃ emissions and enhanced carbon cycling. Path modeling further indicated that diet-driven shifts in compost composition altered environmental factors and indirectly regulated gas emissions via enzymatic and genetic pathways. Overall, this integrated feed–compost strategy links livestock nutrition with environmental management, enhances nutrient cycling efficiency at the agroecosystem level, and provides a basis for sustainable, low-emission circular livestock systems.

Keywords: low-protein balanced diet manure composting pollutant emissions microbial community pig farming

Online: 10 February 2026

Fund:

This work was financially supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (2023YFD1301805), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (32302797), Beijing Natural Science Foundation, China (6262004), the Science and Technology innovation support program of Beijing University of Agriculture, China (HHXD2023002 & HHXD2023009 & QJKC-2022052 & QNTJ-2024). Slow-release amino acid is provided by Beijing Helansen Biotechnology Co., Ltd.

About author: Xiaomin Shi, E-mail: shixiaomin@bua.edu.cn; Lin Lu, E-mail: lulin@bua.edu.cn; Shengkai Li, lishengkai2002@163.com; #Correspondence Junyan Zhou, Tel: 86-10-80794304; E-mail: zhoujunyan@bua.edu.cn * These authors contributed equally to this study

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Xiaomin Shi, Lin Lu, Shengkai Li, Haitao Wei, Ming Liu, Xiangfang Zeng, Shiyan Qiao, Junyan Zhou. 2026. Linked swine feed balanced strategy and manure management systems: Dual mitigation of nutrient element excretion and composting gaseous emissions. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, Doi:10.1016/j.jia.2026.02.019

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