Peanut-based rotations enhance soil carbon sequestration by improving soil aggregate stability in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain, China

doi:10.1016/j.jia.2026.01.026

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Jing Li^1*, Yanlin Jiao^2*, Haorui Chi¹, Guangcai Zhang¹, Jian Zhao², Tong Si¹, Xiaona Yu¹, Xiaojun Zhang¹, Xiaoxia Zou^1#

¹Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China

²Yantai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yantai 265500, China

Highlights

Ø Peanut-based rotations improved soil aggregate stability and carbon storage.

Ø Carbon effect index increased by 37.5–211.7% compared to wheat–maize rotation.

Ø SOC sequestration was primarily driven by increased labile carbon fractions.

Abstract
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摘要

在保障农业生产力的同时提升土壤质量，是实现农业可持续发展的核心科学问题之一。多样化种植体系，尤其是以豆科作物为核心的轮作制度，被认为具有显著潜力，但其对土壤团聚体稳定性及土壤碳固持的影响尚缺乏系统认识。本研究旨在评估花生轮作体系对土壤团聚体稳定性和土壤有机碳库特征的影响，并阐明其促进土壤碳固持的作用机制。研究依托黄淮海平原连续6年的田间定位试验，以传统冬小麦–夏玉米轮作（WM）为对照，设置4种花生轮作模式：冬闲–春花生（CP）、冬小麦–夏花生（WP）、冬小麦–夏玉米→冬闲–春花生（WMP）和冬小麦–夏玉米→冬小麦–夏花生（WMWP）。采集0–20 cm和20–40 cm土层土壤样品，测定团聚体粒级分布、平均重量直径（MWD）、几何平均直径（GMD）、土壤有机碳（SOC）组分、SOC储量、碳库管理指数以及碳效应指数（CEI）。结果表明，与CP和WM相比，花生轮作模式（WP、WMP和WMWP）显著提高了土壤结构稳定性和碳储量，在表层土壤（0–20 cm）中，WP处理的MWD和GMD分别显著提高24.89%–31.03%和18.16%–26.85%；WMP处理分别显著提高40.10%–47.29%和26.20%–35.48%；WMWP处理分别显著提高35.80%–42.77%和23.18%–32.24%。土壤碳固持的提升主要归因于小宏团聚体和微团聚体中有机碳的富集，与WM相比，WP、WMP和WMWP处理的SOC固持速率和固持效率分别提高0.35倍和1.98倍、1.56倍和3.39倍、2.04倍和2.77倍。此外，与WM相比，WP、WMP和WMWP处理在0–20 cm土层的CEI分别提高37.47%、194.25%和211.66%，在20–40 cm土层分别提高84.38%、115.17%和187.26%，其中WMWP处理的提升幅度最大。偏最小二乘路径模型（PLS-PM）分析表明，SOC固持能力的增强主要受活性有机碳组分增加的驱动，尤其是颗粒有机碳和可溶性有机碳；作物多样性提升和团聚体稳定性增强是促进CEI提高的关键因素。综上，花生轮作通过改善土壤结构稳定性显著提高了土壤碳固持。本研究为优化黄淮海平原及相似农区轮作制度、提升土壤健康水平和促进农业长期可持续发展提供了科学依据。

Abstract

Improving soil quality while maintaining agricultural productivity is a key challenge in sustainable agriculture. Diversified cropping, particularly legume-based rotations, offer a promising strategy, but their effects on aggregates stability and carbon sequestration remain poorly understood. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of peanut-based rotation systems on soil aggregate stability and soil carbon pool characteristics, and to elucidate how these changes contribute to soil carbon sequestration. A six-year field experiment was conducted in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain of China, four peanut-based rotations were compared with the conventional winter wheat–summer maize mode (WM): winter fallow–spring peanut (CP), winter wheat–summer peanut (WP), winter wheat–summer maize→winter fallow–spring peanut (WMP), and winter wheat–summer maize→winter wheat–summer peanut (WMWP). Soil samples from the 0–20 cm and 20–40 cm layer were analyzed for aggregate size distribution, mean weight diameter (MWD), geometric mean diameter (GMD), soil organic carbon (SOC) fractions, SOC storage, carbon pool management index, and carbon effect index (CEI). Peanut-based rotations (WP, WMP, and WMWP) significantly improved soil structural stability and carbon storage. In the surface soil layer, MWD and GMD increased by 24.89–31.03% and 18.16–26.85% under WP, by 40.10–47.29% and 26.20–35.48% under WMP, and by 35.80–42.77% and 23.18–32.24% under WMWP, respectively, compared with CP and WM. These rotations enhanced carbon sequestration, mainly through small macroaggregates microaggregate. Compared with WM, the rate and efficiency of SOC storage increased by 0.35- and 1.98-fold under WP, by 1.56- and 3.39-fold under WMP, and by 2.04- and 2.77-fold under WMWP, respectively. Compared with WM, the WP, WMP, and WMWP rotations increased the CEI by 37.47, 194.25, and 211.66% in the 0–20 cm layer, and by 84.38, 115.17, and 187.26% in the 20–40 cm layer, respectively, with WMWP exhibiting the greatest enhancement. Partial least squares path modeling (PLS-PM) analysis indicated that the increased SOC sequestration was primarily driven by elevated labile carbon fractions, particularly particulate organic carbon and dissolved organic carbon. Enhanced crop diversity and aggregate stability were the primary drivers of CEI improvement. These findings demonstrate that peanut-based rotations can effectively improve soil structural stability and enhance SOC sequestration. The results provide a scientific basis for optimizing crop rotation strategies to promote soil health and long-term sustainability in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain and comparable agroecosystems.

Keywords: peanut-based rotation soil aggregate carbon fractions carbon pool management carbon storage

Online: 20 January 2026

Fund:

This work was supported by the Earmarked fund for China Agriculture Research System (CARS–13).

About author: #Correspondence Xiaoxia Zou, E-mail: xxzou@qau.edu.cn *These authors contributed equally to this work.

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Jing Li, Yanlin Jiao, Haorui Chi, Guangcai Zhang, Jian Zhao, Tong Si, Xiaona Yu, Xiaojun Zhang, Xiaoxia Zou. 2026. Peanut-based rotations enhance soil carbon sequestration by improving soil aggregate stability in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain, China. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, Doi:10.1016/j.jia.2026.01.026

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