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Journal of Integrative Agriculture
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LED light treatment modulates metabolite accumulation and gene expression to enhance flavor and alter pigmentation in litchi fruits

Yan Li1, Qiong Yao2Chuan Huang3, Jing Wen4, Siwei Wang2#

1 School of food and pharmaceutical engineering, Zhaoqing University, Zhaoqing, Guangdong 526061, China

2 Plant Protection Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control on Fruits and Vegetables in South China Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant Protection, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, China

3 Lingshan Research Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Lingshan, Guangxi 535400, China

4 Sericultural & Argi-Food Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Functional Foods, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products Processing, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510610, China

 Highlight

Ÿ LED light increased the ratio of sugars to organic acids in litchi pulp and altered the amino acid profile in litchi pulp.

Ÿ Exposure to LED light during litchi growth promoted the accumulation of flavor components in litchi pulp.

LED light irradiation increased the total anthocyanin content but decreased procyanidin levels in the litchi pericarp. These changes may be associated with the regulation of genes involved in the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway.

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摘要  

为了探索提升荔枝品质的新途径,本研究系统研究了自第二次生理落果前持续至采收期间进行夜间白光LED光照对荔枝果实品质的调控效应。初步表型观察发现,LED处理增强了果皮的红色着色,基于此,我们进而评估了其对荔枝内在品质的影响。通过高效液相色谱法与液相色谱-质谱联用技术分析证实,LED灯光处理有效提高了荔枝果肉中的糖分与有机酸含量的比值,这一变化直接关联到果实口感的甜酸平衡与风味提升。同时,LED灯光处理还有效地促进荔枝果肉中关键香气物质的积累,特别是2,4-壬二烯醛和玫瑰氧化物异构体等对荔枝特征香气具有重要贡献的化合物,这有助于保持荔枝的特征香味。对果肉进行采用代谢组学分析,LED处理组与未处理的对照组相比,共鉴定出254种代谢物发生了显著的差异积累,对这些差异代谢物的进行KEGG通路分析发现,它们主要富集于氨基酸的生物合成途径,说明LED光照可能通过调控果实内氮代谢和氨基酸代谢网络,进而影响风味前体物质的形成与转化。

除了对果肉内在品质的影响,LED处理也改变了荔枝外果皮的着色特性。通过对色素物质进行靶向代谢分析,表明LED处理明显提升了果皮中矢车菊素-3-O-葡萄糖苷的含量,该物质可能是赋予荔枝果皮红色的关键色素。然而,果皮中原花青素的总体含量却有所降低。进一步的转录组学揭示LED光照处理调控了果皮中类黄酮生物合成途径上多个关键基因的表达水平。这种基因表达模式的改变,很可能是导致花色苷与原花青素含量发生变化的内在因素,即光照通过转录调控重塑了次生代谢网络。

综上所述,在果实发育期进行夜间LED光照能影响妃子笑荔枝的品质,包括优化糖酸风味、加强香气物质积累以及调控果皮着色相关的代谢通路。本研究首次从代谢物和基因表达层面揭示了LED光照调控果实品质形成的部分机理,为在园艺生产实践中通过光环境管理来协同改善果实的外观品质与内在风味提供了重要的理论依据。



Abstract  

Litchi is renowned for its distinctive appearance, flavor, and nutrient composition. This study investigated the potential of nocturnal white LED light exposure, applied from the pre-second physiological fruit drop stage to harvest, to enhance the quality of ‘Feizixiao’ litchi. We focused on understanding its effects on the physical-chemical properties, aromatic profile, and gene activity. Our results showed that LED treatment significantly improved internal fruit quality by increasing the sugar/organic acid ratio in the litchi pulp and delaying the postharvest loss of key aroma compounds like 2,4-nonadienal and rose oxide isomers. Metabolomic analysis of the pulp identified 254 differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs), primarily associated with amino acid biosynthesis. Additionally, LED treatment altered the anthocyanin profile in the pericarp, significantly elevating the level of cyanidin-3-O-glucoside, a key contributor to red pigmentation, even as it reduced the overall content of procyanidins. Transcriptomic data indicated that this shift may be attributed to LED-induced regulation of flavonoid biosynthesis genes. This work demonstrates LED light profoundly shapes litchi quality, offering valuable insights for balancing flavor and appearance in horticultural practices. 

Keywords:  litchi fruit quality              LED       light              metabolomics              volatiles              anthocyanins              gene expression  
Online: 08 December 2025  
Fund: 

This research received funding from the earmarked CARS-32 Project, Zhaoqing City Science and Technology Innovation Guidance Project, China (241218104169431), Zhaoqing University Youth Program (QN202446 and QN202450), and the Innovative Research Team Funding Project of Zhaoqing University, China (TD202414).

About author:  Yan Li, E-mail: yan.li99@foxmail.com; Correspondence Siwei Wang, Tel: +86-020-87597590, E-mail: 344073564@qq.com

Cite this article: 

Yan Li, Qiong Yao, Chuan Huang, Jing Wen, Siwei Wang#. 2025. LED light treatment modulates metabolite accumulation and gene expression to enhance flavor and alter pigmentation in litchi fruits. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, Doi:10.1016/j.jia.2025.12.017

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