Concurrent increases in planting density and potassium fertilizer application rate: an effective strategy for enhancing grain yield and improving lodging resistance in summer maize

doi:10.1016/j.jia.2025.12.007

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Concurrent increases in planting density and potassium fertilizer application rate: an effective strategy for enhancing grain yield and improving lodging resistance in summer maize

Hongchao Zhao¹, Xiangpeng Ding², Hongyang Dong², Baizhao Ren², Peng Liu², Jiwang Zhang², Junwen Chen¹, Bin Zhao^2#, Jinyan Zhang^1#

¹College of Agronomy & Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China

²College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China

Highlights

1. Concurrent increases in planting density and potassium fertilizer application rate enhanced the activity of lignin biosynthesis-related enzymes, promoting the synthesis and accumulation of lignin and cellulose.

2. This also led to thicker stems and more developed root systems, improving plant structural support and mechanical stability.

3. This approach achieved simultaneous improvements in both grain yield and lodging resistance in summer maize.

Abstract
References

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摘要

提高种植密度是提升夏玉米产量潜力的有效策略，但会在强风、暴雨等极端天气下显著增加倒伏风险；在此背景下，钾肥在提高作物抗倒伏能力方面的作用愈发凸显。既有研究多聚焦于种植密度或钾肥用量对玉米抗倒伏能力与产量的单一效应，而较少系统探讨二者在抗倒伏过程中的综合作用。为此，本研究选用抗倒伏能力不同的两个玉米品种——登海605（DH605，抗倒伏）与先玉335（XY335，易倒伏），设置T1（种植密度：67500株ha^-1，K₂O：180 kg ha^-1）、T2（种植密度：82500株ha^-1，K₂O：180 kg ha^-1）和T3（种植密度82500株ha^-1，K₂O：270 kg ha^-1）三个处理，旨在探究同时增加种植密度和钾肥用量对夏玉米抗倒伏能力及产量形成的影响机制。增产方面， T3处理展现出显著的产量优势，与T1相比，DH605和XY335的两年平均产量分别提高18.65%和16.05%；与T2相比，则分别提高7.25%和14.36%。抗倒伏方面，T3处理促进茎秆的增粗与根系的扩展，并提高茎秆和支撑根中木质素生物合成相关酶（PAL、TAL、CAD）活性，由此加速木质素的合成和积累，进而提高机械性能；相应地，倒伏率较T1分别降低30.45% （DH605）和29.42%（XY335），较T2则分别降低 51.21% 和 55.90%。综上所述，同时增加种植密度与钾肥用量，实现了夏玉米产量和抗倒伏能力的双重提高。该措施为未来极端天气背景下降低倒伏风险、保障夏玉米高产稳产提供了重要参考。

Abstract

Increasing planting density is an effective strategy for enhancing the yield potential of summer maize; however, it substantially elevates the risk of lodging under adverse weather conditions such as heavy rainfall and strong winds. Under these circumstances, potassium fertilizer plays a progressively critical role in improving lodging resistance. Previous studies have primarily focused on the individual effects of planting density and potassium fertilizer application rate on maize lodging resistance and yield, with less emphasis on their integrative effects in the lodging resistance process. In this study, two maize varieties differing in lodging resistance—Denghai 605 (DH605, lodging-resistant) and Xianyu 335 (XY335, lodging-susceptible)—were used as experimental materials. Three treatments were established: T1 (density, 67,500 plants ha^-1; K₂O, 180 kg ha^-1), T2 (density, 82,500 plants ha^-1; K₂O, 180 kg ha^-1), and T3 (density, 82,500 plants ha^-1; K₂O, 270 kg ha^-1), to examine the mechanism through which concurrent increases in planting density and potassium fertilizer application rate affect lodging resistance and yield formation of summer maize. In terms of yield improvement, the T3 treatment demonstrated a significant advantage, increasing the two-year average yield of DH605 and XY335 by 18.65 and 16.05%, respectively, compared to T1, and by 7.25 and 14.36% relative to T2. In terms of lodging resistance, T3 promoted stem thickening and root system expansion while enhancing the activity of lignin biosynthesis-related enzymes (PAL, TAL, and CAD) in both stems and brace roots. This facilitated increased synthesis and accumulation of lignin, thereby strengthening mechanical properties. Consequently, the T3 treatment reduced lodging rate by 30.45% (DH605) and 29.42% (XY335) compared to T1, and by 51.21 and 55.90% compared to T2. Overall, concurrent increases in planting density and potassium fertilizer application rate achieved dual improvements in both yield and lodging resistance in summer maize. This approach provides a crucial reference for mitigating lodging risks under projected extreme weather events and ensuring high and stable production of summer maize.

Keywords: summer maize planting density potassium fertilizer structural carbohydrates lodging resistance grain yield

Online: 08 December 2025

Fund:

This work was supported by the Yunnan Fundamental Research Projects, China (202401BD070001-060), the Scientific Research Fund of Yunnan Provincial Department of Education, China (2024J0413), and the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2023YFD2303304).

About author: #Correspondence Jiwang Zhang, E-mail: 2510846720@qq.com; Bin Zhao, zhaobin@sdau.edu.cn

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Hongchao Zhao, Xiangpeng Ding, Hongyang Dong, Baizhao Ren, Peng Liu, Jiwang Zhang, Junwen Chen, Bin Zhao, Jinyan Zhang. 2025. Concurrent increases in planting density and potassium fertilizer application rate: an effective strategy for enhancing grain yield and improving lodging resistance in summer maize. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, Doi:10.1016/j.jia.2025.12.007

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