Grain yield and nutrient uptake and utilization in spring-sown waxy maize under varying plant densities and fertilization regimes

doi:10.1016/j.jia.2025.12.006

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Zihan Wang^1*, Shiduo Niu^1*, Xiaoyu Yao¹, Guoqing Chen², Jian Guo¹, Guanghao Li¹, Dalei Lu^{1, 3#}

¹Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops/Agricultural College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China

²Jiangsu Yanjiang Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Nantong 226012, China

³Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou 225009, China

Highlights

Increasing plant density and delaying the application of amino acid compound fertilizer enhance grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency.

The combination of 7.5×10⁴ plants ha^-¹ with a single application of amino acid compound fertilizer at the six-leaf stage achieves the highest total score and sustainability index.

Greater grain yield is primarily attributed to enhanced post-silking dry matter and nitrogen accumulation.

Elevated grain yield is associated with higher nitrogen agronomic efficiency and nitrogen recovery efficiency.

Abstract
References

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摘要

增加玉米种植密度是增产的关键措施，缓释肥一次性施用是一种高效且资源节约的栽培措施。然而，糯玉米生产中种植密度与施肥模式之间的互作效应尚不明确。本研究评估了二者对糯玉米干物质和氮素积累、转运及分配的影响，并分析了其与产量和氮素利用效率之间的关系。试验于2021—2023年进行，以两个糯玉米品种为材料，设置五个密度水平（D1–D5：4.5×10⁴、5.25×10⁴、6.0×10⁴、6.75×10⁴和7.5×10⁴株·hm⁻²）与四种施肥模式（F0：不施肥；F1：播种时施用普通复合肥加六叶期追施尿素；F2：播种时一次性施用氨基酸复合肥；F3：六叶期一次性施用氨基酸复合肥；总投入量N–P₂O₅–K₂O = 225–75–75 kg·hm⁻²）。结果表明，增加种植密度降低了单株粒重和粒数，群体增密弥补了粒重和粒数的损失，从而提高群体产量。所有处理中，D5F3处理（7.5×10⁴株·hm⁻²结合六叶期一次性施用氨基酸复合肥）的产量、综合得分和可持续性指数最高。这主要得益于吐丝后干物质和氮素积累量的增加、收获指数的提高以及叶片贮藏物质转运能力的增强。在施肥总量一致的条件下，D5F3的高产表现进一步提升了氮素农学效率、氮素内部效率、氮素回收效率和氮素偏生产力。综上，合理增加种植密度并推迟氨基酸复合肥的施用时间，可通过促进吐丝后干物质和氮素累积及提高收获指数来显著提升糯玉米产量并同步改善氮素利用效率。因此，春播糯玉米生产中，田间管理应着重聚焦于促进吐丝后干物质和氮素的吸收与积累，以实现高产与高氮素利用率的协同提升。

Abstract

Increasing maize plant density (PD) is key to enhancing grain yield (GY), and one-time application of slow-release fertilizers represents an efficient and resource-saving practice. However, the interaction between PD and fertilization mode (FM) in waxy maize production remains poorly understood. This study systematically evaluated the interactive effects of PD and FM on dry matter (DM) and nitrogen (N) accumulation, translocation, and distribution, and their relationships with GY and N use efficiency (NUE) in waxy maize. Two waxy maize varieties were grown across five PD levels (D1-D5: 4.5×10⁴, 5.25×10⁴, 6.0×10⁴, 6.75×10⁴, and 7.5×10⁴ plants ha^-1) and four FMs (F0, no fertilization; F1, conventional compound fertilizer at sowing plus urea topdressing at the six-leaf stage; F2, one-time application of amino acid compound fertilizer [Amino acid compound fertilizer (ACF)] at sowing; F3, one-time application of ACF at the six-leaf stage; total N-P₂O₅-K₂O=225-75-75 kg ha^-1) during the 2021-2023 growing seasons. Although higher PD reduced kernel weight and kernels per plant, increased population density compensated for these reductions, resulting in greater GY. Among all treatments, the D5F3 treatment (7.5×10⁴ plants ha^-1 with F3) achieved the highest GY, total score, and sustainability index. This outcome was driven by greater post-silking DM and N accumulation, an improved harvest index, and enhanced leaf reserve translocation. Given uniform fertilization rates across treatments, the higher yield under D5F3 led to superior N agronomic efficiency, N internal efficiency, N recovery efficiency, and N partial factor productivity. In conclusion, increasing PD and postponing ACF application enhance GY primarily by improving post-silking DM and N accumulation and harvest index, while concurrently increasing NUE. Field management strategies should therefore prioritize maximizing post-silking DM and N uptake to simultaneously improve yield and NUE in spring-sown waxy maize.

Keywords: waxy maize plant density fertilization mode grain yield nitrogen use efficiency

Online: 08 December 2025

Fund:

This study was supported by the Jiangsu Agriculture Science and Technology Innovation Fund, China (CX(23)1043), the Jiangsu Agricultural Industry Technology System, China (JATS [2023]454), the Jiangsu Modern Agricultural Machinery Equipment and Technology Demonstration and Promotion, China (NJ2023-05), and the Priority Academic Pro-gram Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, China (PAPD).

About author: #Correspondence Dalei Lu, E-mail: dllu@yzu.edu.cn * These contributed equally to this work.

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Zihan Wang, Shiduo Niu, Xiaoyu Yao, Guoqing Chen, Jian Guo, Guanghao Li, Dalei Lu. 2025. Grain yield and nutrient uptake and utilization in spring-sown waxy maize under varying plant densities and fertilization regimes. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, Doi:10.1016/j.jia.2025.12.006

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