Inheritance, virulence variation, and genetic heterozygosity of sexual recombination between races of Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritic

doi:10.1016/j.jia.2025.12.005

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Inheritance, virulence variation, and genetic heterozygosity of sexual recombination between races of Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritic

Maxinzhi Liu^*, Xinyao Ma^*, Bingbing Zhang, Xinyu Kong, Mudi Sun, Zhensheng Kang^#, Jie Zhao^#

State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China

Highlights

ž Sexual recombination between races were demonstrated and illustrated complicated inheritance.

ž Sexual recombination between races is responsible for accounting for a high level of virulence variation and the generation of new races.

ž Sexual recombination between races contribute to evolution of the stripe rust pathogen due to a wide range of genetic heterozygosity.

Abstract
References

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摘要

新小种的产生和快速累积是条锈病抗病性丧失的和后续流行的根本原因。然而，有关小麦条锈菌的小种间有性遗传重组与毒性变异尚无研究报道。因此，本研究构建了小麦条锈菌的两个小种间有性杂交，获得其F₁及F₂后代群体，通过Yr单基因系及载体品种对亲本及其后代进行表型鉴定，分析后代毒性变异及其在不同抗病位点的遗传特征，明确其遗传规律；利用20K- SNP 芯片鉴定并明确群体基因型，明确后代群体的遗传多样性、杂合度的水平，明确有性重组对群体遗传多样性丰富度的影。研究结果揭示小种间进行有性重组并导致后代毒性变异产生新小种，是小种毒性变异的新途径。

研究结果表明F₂后代群体在 Yr 单基因及载体品种上鉴定为 57 种致病类型，毒性变异率为98.3-100%。F₂后代群体中测试的26个Yr位点中的 13 个 Yr 位点上发生了无毒性/毒性分离，表现出一个显性或隐性，或两个基因相互作用控制。所有的F₂后代表现出高的遗传杂合度（0.07-0.64），基因型分布存在差异性，显示为来自有性重组的丰富的遗传多样性。遗传变异主要发生在个体间。同时，F₂后代群体显示出表型与基因型的相关性低。研究结果为深入了解小种间有性重组在新小种的来源和群体遗传多样性进化中的作用提供重要科学依据。

创新点：

1. 小麦条锈菌小种间有性重组遗传规律复杂。

2.小种间有性重组是小麦条锈菌高度毒性变异和新小种产生的重要途径。

3. 小种间有性重组导致群体丰富的遗传杂合度，有利于小麦条锈菌进化。

结论：

本研究首次表明小麦条锈菌小种间有性遗传重组导致新小种产生，是小麦条锈菌毒性变异的新途径；为揭示小麦条锈菌新小种产生、群体遗传多样性高提供了科学依据，也为阐释中国小麦条锈菌西北越夏易变区新小种策源地的形成与群体多样性高提供了理论依据，具有重要的学术价值。

Abstract

New races are responsible for the breakdown of stripe rust-resistant wheat cultivars. Sexual reproduction of Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici, the cause of wheat strip rust, can generate new races with virulence variation. However, the role of inter-racial hybridization in generating new races and population genetic diversity has remained unknown. So, we hybridized two single-urediospore P. striiformis f. sp. tritici isolates, 4-14 and b-5, on barberry (Berberis aggregata) seedlings to establish single-aeciospore F₁ progenies, and selfed the F₁ progeny 1-2 to establish 85 single-aeciospore F₂ progenies. All isolates were phenotyped on 26 Yr-single gene lines as differentials, and genotyped with the 20K genotyping-by-target sequencing (GBTS) chip for P. striiformis f. sp. tritici. The results showed that 58 different virulence phenotypes (VPs, VP1-VP58) were identified, and 57 VPs were new, showing high virulence variation (98.3-100%). Overall F₂ progenies displayed different avirulence and virulence segregation ratios at 13 of 26 Yr loci tested, at which avirulence was controlled by one dominant or recessive gene, or by two genes with different gene effects. All F₂ progenies showed a high level of heterozygosity (0.07-0.64), with a great difference of genotypic distribution, presenting a rich genetic diversity from sexual recombination. Genetic variation of the F₂ progenies mostly occurred among individuals rather than among populations. A low correlation was detected between phenotype and genotype in the F₂ progenies (R²=0.0257). This study provides an insight into understanding the role of sexual recombination in the origin of new races and high level of genetic diversity as well as evolution of the stripe rust.

Keywords: wheat stripe rust sexual recombination virulence variation new race heterozygosity genetic diversity gene chip

Online: 08 December 2025

Fund:

This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (32272507), and National Key R&D Program of China (2025YFE0105200; 2021YFD1401000).

About author: Maxinzhi Liu, E-mail: 1127730224@qq.com; Xinyao Ma, E-mail: maxinyao@nwafu.edu.cn; #Correspondence Jie Zhao, E-mail: jiezhao@nwafue.edu.cn; Zhensheng Kang, E-mail: kangzs@nwafu.edu.cn *These authors contributed equally to this study.

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Maxinzhi Liu, Xinyao Ma, Bingbing Zhang, Xinyu Kong, Mudi Sun, Zhensheng Kang, Jie Zhao. 2025. Inheritance, virulence variation, and genetic heterozygosity of sexual recombination between races of Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritic. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, Doi:10.1016/j.jia.2025.12.005

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