Abramson J, Adler J, Dunger J, Evans R, Green T, Pritzel A, Ronneberger O, Willmore L, Ballard A J, Bambrick J, Bodenstein S W, Evans D A, Hung C-C, O’Neill M, Reiman D, Tunyasuvunakool K, Wu Z, Žemgulytė A, Arvaniti E, Beattie C, Bertolli O, Bridgland A, Cherepanov A, Congreve M, Cowen-Rivers A I, Cowie A, Figurnov M, Fuchs F B, Gladman H, Jain R, Khan Y A, Low C M R, Perlin K, Potapenko A, Savy P, Singh S, Stecula A, Thillaisundaram A, Tong C, Yakneen S, Zhong E D, Zielinski M, Žídek A, Bapst V, Kohli P, Jaderberg M, Hassabis D, Jumper J M. 2024. Accurate structure prediction of biomolecular interactions with AlphaFold 3. Nature, 630, 493-500.

Battaglia E, Benoit I, Brink J, Wiebenga A, Coutinho P M, Henrissat B, Vries R P. 2011. Carbohydrate-active enzymes from the zygomycete fungus Rhizopus oryzae: a highly specialized approach to carbohydrate degradation depicted at genome level. BMC Genomics, 12, 38.

Bolton M D, Kolmer J A, Garvin D F. 2008. Wheat leaf rust caused by Puccinia triticina. Molecular Plant Pathology, 9, 563-575.

Bradley E L, Ökmen B, Doehlemann G, Henrissat B, Bradshaw R E, Mesarich C H. 2022. Secreted glycoside hydrolase proteins as effectors and invasion patterns of plant-associated fungi and oomycetes. Frontiers in Plant Science, 13, 853106.

Brito N, Espino J J, González C. 2006. The endo-beta-1,4-xylanase xyn11A is required for virulence in Botrytis cinerea. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, 19, 25-32.

Bu Z, Li W, Liu X, Liu Y, Gao Y, Pei G, Zhuo R, Cui K, Qin Z, Zheng H, Wu J, Yang Y, Su P, Cao M, Xiong X, Liu X, Zhu Y. 2023. The rice endophyte-derived α-Mannosidase ShAM1 degrades host cell walls to activate DAMP-triggered immunity against disease. Microbiology Spectrum, 11, e04824-04822.

Cai J, Jiang Y, Ritchie E S, Macho A P, Yu F, Wu D. 2023. Manipulation of plant metabolism by pathogen effectors: more than just food. FEMS Microbiology Reviews, 47, fuad007.

Chang J, Mapuranga J, Wang X, Dong H, Li R, Zhang Y, Li H, Shi J, Yang W. 2024. A thaumatin‐like effector protein suppresses the rust resistance of wheat and promotes the pathogenicity of Puccinia triticina by targeting TaRCA. New Phytologist, 244, 1947-1960.

Chang Q, Liu J, Lin X, Hu S, Yang Y, Li D, Chen L Y, Huai B Y, Huang L L, Voegele R T, Kang Z S. 2017. A unique invertase is important for sugar absorption of an obligate biotrophic pathogen during infection. New Phytologist, 215, 1548-1561.

Chen H, Zou Y, Shang Y, Lin H, Wang Y, Cai R, Tang X, Zhou J. 2007. Firefly luciferase complementation imaging assay for protein-protein interactions in plants. Plant Physiology, 146, 323-324.

Coutinho P M, Andersen M R, Kolenova K, VanKuyk P A, Benoit I, Gruben B S, Trejo-Aguilar B, Visser H, Solingen P v, Pakula T, Seiboth B, Battaglia E, Aguilar-Osorio G, Jong J F d, Ohm R A, Aguilar M, Henrissat B, Nielsen J, Stålbrand H, Vries R P d. 2009. Post-genomic insights into the plant polysaccharide degradation potential of Aspergillus nidulans and comparison to Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus oryzae. Fungal Genetics and Biology, 46, S161-S169.

Cuomo C A, Bakkeren G, Khalil H B, Panwar V, Joly D, Linning R, Sakthikumar S, Song X, Adiconis X, Fan L, Goldberg J M, Levin J Z, Young S, Zeng Q, Anikster Y, Bruce M, Wang M, Yin C, McCallum B, Szabo L J, Hulbert S, Chen X, Fellers J P. 2017. Comparative analysis highlights variable genome content of wheat rusts and divergence of the mating loci. G3-Genes Genomes Genetics, 7, 361-376.

Deng C, Leonard A, Cahill J, Lv M, Li Y, Thatcher S, Li X, Zhao X, Du W, Li Z, Li H, Llaca V, Fengler K, Marshall L, Harris C, Tabor G, Li Z, Tian Z, Yang Q, Chen Y, Tang J, Wang X, Hao J, Yan J, Lai Z, Fei X, Song W, Lai J, Zhang X, Shu G, Wang Y, Chang Y, Zhu W, Xiong W, Sun J, Li B, Ding J. 2022. The RppC-AvrRppC NLR-effector interaction mediates the resistance to southern corn rust in maize. Molecular Plant, 15, 904-912.

Dou D, Kale S D, Wang X, Jiang R H Y, Bruce N A, Arredondo F D, Zhang X M, Tyler B M. 2008. RXLR-mediated entry of Phytophthora sojae effector Avr1b into soybean cells does not require pathogen-encoded machinery. The Plant Cell, 20, 1930-1947.

Duplessis S, Cuomo C A, Lin Y, Aerts A, Tisserant E, Veneault-Fourrey C, Joly D L, Hacquard S, Amselem J, Cantarel B L, Chiu R, Coutinho P M, Feau N, Field M, Frey P, Gelhaye E, Goldberg J, Grabherr M G, Kodira C D, Kohler A, Kües U, Lindquist E A, Lucas S M, Mago R, Mauceli E, Morin E, Murat C, Pangilinan J L, Park R, Pearson M, Quesneville H, Rouhier N, Sakthikumar S, Salamov A A, Schmutz J, Selles B, Shapiro H, Tanguay P, Tuskan G A, Henrissat B, Peer Y V d, Rouzé P, Ellis J G, Dodds P N, Schein J E, Zhong S, Hamelin R C, Grigoriev I V, Szabo L J, Martin F. 2011. Obligate biotrophy features unraveled by the genomic analysis of rust fungi. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 108, 9166-9171.

Figueroa M, Dodds P N, Henningsen E C. 2020. Evolution of virulence in rust fungi - multiple solutions to one problem. Current Opinion in Plant Biology, 56, 20-27.

Gietz R D, Schiestl R H. 2007. Large-scale high-efficiency yeast transformation using the LiAc/SS carrier DNA/PEG method. Nature protocols, 2, 38-41.

Gómez-Gómez L, Boller T. 2000. FLS2: an LRR receptor-like kinase involved in the perception of the bacterial elicitor flagellin in Arabidopsis. Molecular Cell, 5, 1003-1011.

Guo J, Mou Y, Li Y, Yang Q, Wang X, Lin H, Kang Z, Guo J. 2023. Silencing a chitinase gene, PstChia1, reduces virulence of Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 24, 8215.

Holzberg S, Brosio P, Gross C, Pogue G P. 2002. Barley stripe mosaic virus-induced gene silencing in a monocot plant. The Plant Journal, 30, 315-327.

Kumar P, Sharma R, Kumar K. 2024. A perspective on varied fungal virulence factors causing infection in host plants. Molecular Biology Reports, 51, 392.

Li C, Qiao L, Lu Y, Xing G, Wang X, Zhang G, Qian H, Shen Y, Zhang Y, Yao W, Cheng K, Ma Z, Liu N, Wang D, Zheng W. 2023. Gapless genome assembly of Puccinia triticina provides insights into chromosome evolution in Pucciniales. Microbiology Spectrum, 11, e02828-02822.

Li X, Liu Y, Liu H. 2021. Semi-in-vivo pull-down assay for blue light-dependent protein interactions. Plant Photomorphogenesis: Methods and Protocols. 2297, 161-166.

Lim C W, Bae Y, Lee S C. 2022. Differential role of Capsicum annuum FANTASTIC FOUR-like gene CaFAF1 on drought and salt stress responses. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 199, 104887.

Liu G, Tian D, Shi C, Wang D. 2017. Autophagy is induced in haustorial mother cells of Puccinia triticina and is necessary for plant infection. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 147, 833-843.

Liu H, Lu X, Li M, Lun Z, Yan X, Yin C, Yuan G, Wang X, Liu N, Liu D, Wu M, Luo Z, Zhang Y, Bhadauria V, Yang J, Talbot N J, Peng Y. 2023. Plant immunity suppression by an exo-β-1,3-glucanase and an elongation factor 1α of the rice blast fungus. Nature Communications, 14, 5491.

Livak K J, Schmittgen T D. 2001. Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2^-ΔΔCT method. Methods, 25, 402-408.

Lorrain C, Gonçalves dos Santos K C, Germain H, Hecker A, Duplessis S. 2019. Advances in understanding obligate biotrophy in rust fungi. New Phytologist, 222, 1190-1206.

Luna E, Pastor V, Robert J, Flors V, Mauch-Mani B, Ton J. 2011. Callose deposition: a multifaceted plant defense response. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, 24, 183-193.

Lv J, Liu S, Zhou J, Feng Z, Wei F, Zhao L, Li H, Zhu H, Zhang Y, Feng H. 2024. The glycoside hydrolase 7 member VdGH7a regulates Verticillium dahliae pathogenicity and induces host defenses by interacting with GhOLP11. Journal of Integrative Agriculture.

Ma X, Zhang Z, Deng R, Liu N, Jiang H, Kang Z, Liu J. 2025. Secreted xylanase PstXyn1 contributes to stripe rust infection possibly by overcoming cell wall barrier and suppressing defense responses in wheat. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 73, 380-392.

Ma Z, Song T, Zhu L, Ye W, Wang Y, Shao Y, Dong S, Zhang Z, Dou D, Zheng X, Tyler B M, Wang Y. 2015. A Phytophthora sojae glycoside hydrolase 12 protein is a major virulence factor during soybean infection and is recognized as a PAMP. The Plant Cell, 27, 2057-2072.

Miller G L. 1959. Use of dinitrosalicylic acid reagent for determination of reducing sugar. Analytical Chemistry, 31, 426-428.

Mistry J, Chuguransky S, Williams L, Qureshi M, Salazar G A, Sonnhammer E L L, Tosatto S C E, Paladin L, Raj S, Richardson L J, Finn R D, Bateman A. 2020. Pfam: the protein families database in 2021. Nucleic Acids Research, 49, D412-D419.

Nielsen H. 2017. Predicting secretory proteins with SignalP. Methods in Molecular Biology, 1611, 59-73.

Ökmen B, Bachmann D, de Wit P J G M. 2019. A conserved GH17 glycosyl hydrolase from plant pathogenic Dothideomycetes releases a DAMP causing cell death in tomato. Molecular Plant Pathology, 20, 1710-1721.

Ouyang H, Sun G, Li K, Wang R, Lv X, Zhang Z, Zhao R, Wang Y, Shu H, Jiang H, Zhang S, Wu J, Zhang Q, Chen X, Liu T, Ye W, Wang Y, Wang Y. 2024. Profiling of Phakopsora pachyrhizi transcriptome revealed co-expressed virulence effectors as prospective RNA interference targets for soybean rust management. Journal of Integrative Plant Biology, 66, 2543-2560.

Panwar V, Jordan M, McCallum B, Bakkeren G. 2018. Host-induced silencing of essential genes in Puccinia triticina through transgenic expression of RNAi sequences reduces severity of leaf rust infection in wheat. Plant Biotechnology Journal, 16, 1013-1023.

Petre B, Duplessis S. 2022. A decade after the first Pucciniales genomes: a bibliometric snapshot of (post) genomics studies in three model rust fungi. Frontiers in Microbiology, 13, 36187960.

Qian H, Li C, Lu Y, Li X, Zhang J, Zhao J, Wu K, Zhang Y, Cheng K, Wang D, Song P, Liu N, Zheng W. 2025. TaSPX3 enhances wheat resistance to leaf rust by antagonising TaDi19-mediated repression of pathogenesis-related genes. Plant Biotechnology Journal, 1-13.

Qin J, Li B, Zhou S. 2020. A novel glycoside hydrolase 74 xyloglucanase CvGH74A is a virulence factor in Coniella vitis. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 19, 2725-2735.

Rafiei V, Vélëz H, Tzelepis G. 2021. The role of glycoside hydrolases in phytopathogenic fungi and oomycetes virulence. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 22, 9359.

Rongpipi S, Ye D, Gomez E D, Gomez E W. 2019. Progress and opportunities in the characterization of cellulose- an important regulator of cell wall growth and mechanics. Frontiers in Plant Science, 9, 1894.

Sabbadin F, Urresti S, Henrissat B, Avrova A O, Welsh L R J, Lindley P J, Csukai M, Squires J N, Walton P H, Davies G J, Bruce N C, Whisson S C, McQueen-Mason S J. 2021. Secreted pectin monooxygenases drive plant infection by pathogenic oomycetes. Science, 373, 774-779.

Salcedo A, Rutter W, Wang S, Akhunova A, Bolus S, Chao S, Anderson N, Soto M D, Rouse M, Szabo L. 2017. Variation in the AvrSr35 gene determines Sr35 resistance against wheat stem rust race Ug99. Science, 358, 1604-1606.

Shafi U, Mumtaz R, Shafaq Z, Zaidi S M H, Kaifi M O, Mahmood Z, Zaidi S A R. 2022. Wheat rust disease detection techniques: a technical perspective. Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection, 129, 489-504.

Shang L, Tao J, Song J, Wang Y, Zhang X, Ge P, Li F, Dong H, Gai W, Grierson D. 2024. CRISPR/Cas9‐mediated mutations of FANTASTIC FOUR gene family for creating early flowering mutants in tomato. Plant Biotechnology Journal, 22, 774-784.

Sørensen C K, Thach T, Hovmøller M S. 2016. Evaluation of spray and point inoculation methods for the phenotyping of Puccinia striiformis on wheat. Plant disease, 100, 1064-1070.

Sperschneider J, Dodds P N. 2022. EffectorP 3.0: prediction of apoplastic and cytoplasmic effectors in fungi and oomycetes. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, 35, 146-156.

Tamura K, Stecher G, Kumar S. 2021. MEGA11: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis version 11. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 38, 3022-3027.

Tang C, Xu Q, Zhao J, Yue M, Wang J, Wang X, Kang Z, Wang X. 2022. A rust fungus effector directly binds plant pre-mRNA splice site to reprogram alternative splicing and suppress host immunity. Plant Biotechnology Journal, 20, 1167-1181.

Tariqjaveed M, Mateen A, Wang S, Qiu S, Zheng X, Zhang J, Bhadauria V, Sun W. 2021. Versatile effectors of phytopathogenic fungi target host immunity. Journal of Integrative Plant Biology, 63, 1856-1873.

Van Vu B, Itoh K, Nguyen Q B, Tosa Y, Nakayashiki H. 2012. Cellulases belonging to glycoside hydrolase families 6 and 7 contribute to the virulence of Magnaporthe oryzae. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, 25, 1135-1141.

VanFossen A L, Ozdemir I, Zelin S L, Kelly R M. 2011. Glycoside hydrolase inventory drives plant polysaccharide deconstruction by the extremely thermophilic bacterium Caldicellulosiruptor saccharolyticus. Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 108, 1559-1569.

Wahl V, Brand L H, Guo Y, Schmid M. 2010. The FANTASTIC FOUR proteins influence shoot meristem size in Arabidopsis thaliana. BMC Plant Biology, 10, 1-12.

Wang F, Shen S, Cui Z, Yuan S, Qu P, Jia H, Meng L, Hao X, Liu D, Ma L, Wang H. 2023. Puccinia triticina effector protein Pt_21 interacts with wheat thaumatin-like protein TaTLP1 to inhibit its antifungal activity and suppress wheat apoplast immunity. The Crop Journal, 11, 1431-1440.

Wang L, Liu H, Zhang M, Ye Y, Wang L, Zhu J, Chen Z, Zheng X, Wang Y, Wang Y. 2022a. Microbe-derived non-necrotic glycoside hydrolase family 12 proteins act as immunogenic signatures triggering plant defenses. Journal of Integrative Plant Biology, 64, 1966-1978.

Wang N, Tang C, Fan X, He M, Gan P, Zhang S, Hu Z, Wang X, Yan T, Shu W, Yu L, Zhao J, He J, Li L, Wang J, Huang X, Huang L, Zhou J, Kang Z, Wang X. 2022b. Inactivation of a wheat protein kinase gene confers broad-spectrum resistance to rust fungi. Cell, 185, 2961-2974.

Wang Y, Pruitt R N, Nürnberger T, Wang Y. 2022c. Evasion of plant immunity by microbial pathogens. Nature Reviews Microbiology, 20, 449-464.

Wei J, Wang X, Hu Z, Wang X, Wang J, Wang J, Huang X, Kang Z, Tang C. 2023. The Puccinia striiformis effector Hasp98 facilitates pathogenicity by blocking the kinase activity of wheat TaMAPK4. Journal of Integrative Plant Biology, 65, 249-264.

Wu N, Ozketen A C, Cheng Y, Jiang W, Zhou X, Zhao X, Guan Y R, Xiang Z X, Akkaya M S. 2022. Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici effectors in wheat immune responses. Frontiers in Plant Science, 13, 1012216.

Xie Y, Li H, Luo X, Li H, Gao Q, Zhang L, Teng Y, Zhao Q, Zuo Z, Ren J. 2022. IBS 2.0: an upgraded illustrator for the visualization of biological sequences. Nucleic Acids Research, 50, W420-W426.

Xu Q, Wang J, Zhao J, Xu J, Sun S, Zhang H, Wu J, Tang C, Kang Z, Wang X. 2020. A polysaccharide deacetylase from Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici is an important pathogenicity gene that suppresses plant immunity. Plant Biotechnology Journal, 18, 1830-1842.

Yan P, Tuo D, Shen W, Deng H, Zhou P, Gao X. 2023. A Nimble Cloning-compatible vector system for high-throughput gene functional analysis in plants. Plant Communications, 4, 100471.

Yan P, Zeng Y, Shen W, Tuo D, Li X, Zhou P. 2020. Nimble Cloning: a simple, versatile, and efficient system for standardized molecular cloning. Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, 15, 460.

Yin C, Ramachandran S R, Zhai Y, Bu C, Pappu H R, Hulbert S H. 2019. A novel fungal effector from Puccinia graminis suppressing RNA silencing and plant defense responses. New Phytologist, 222, 1561-1572.

Yin W, Wang Y, Chen T, Lin Y, Luo C. 2018. Functional evaluation of the signal peptides of secreted proteins. Bio-protocol, 8, e2839.

Zhan G, Guo J, Tian Y, Ji F, Bai X, Zhao J, Guo J, Kang Z. 2023. High-throughput RNA sequencing reveals differences between the transcriptomes of the five spore forms of Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici, the wheat stripe rust pathogen. Stress Biology, 3, 29.

Zhang D, Ai G, Ji K, Huang R, Chen C, Yang Z, Wang J, Cui L, Li G, Tahira M. 2024. EARLY FLOWERING is a dominant gain‐of‐function allele of FANTASTIC FOUR 1/2c that promotes early flowering in tomato. Plant Biotechnology Journal, 22, 698-711.

Zhao J, Kang Z. 2023. Fighting wheat rusts in China: a look back and into the future. Phytopathology Research, 5, 6.