Abalos D, Recous S, Butterbach–Bahl K, De Notaris C, Rittl T F, Topp C F E, Petersen S O, Hansen S, Bleken M A, Rees R M, Olesen J E. 2022. A review and meta-analysis of mitigation measures for nitrous oxide emissions from crop residues. Science of the Total Environment, 828, 154388.

Aerts S, Haesbroeck G, Ruwet C. 2015. Multivariate coefficients of variation: Comparison and influence functions. Journal of Multivariate Analysis, 142, 183–198.

Albatineh A N, Kibria B G, Wilcox M L, Zogheib B. 2014. Confidence interval estimation for the population coefficient of variation using ranked set sampling: A simulation study. Journal of Applied Statistics, 4, 733–751.

Allen W J, Bufford J L, Barnes A D, Barratt B I P, Deslippe J R, Dickie I A, Goldson S L, Howlett B G, Hulme P E, Lavorel S, O Brien S A, Waller L P, Tylianakis J M. 2022. A network perspective for sustainable agroecosystems. Trends in Plant Science, 27, 769–780.

Banerjee S, Kirkby C A, Schmutter D, Bissett A, Kirkegaard J A, Richardson A E. 2016. Network analysis reveals functional redundancy and keystone taxa amongst bacterial and fungal communities during organic matter decomposition in an arable soil. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 97, 188–198.

Barberan A, Bates S T, Casamayor E O, Fierer N. 2012. Using network analysis to explore co-occurrence patterns in soil microbial communities. The ISME Journal, 6, 343-351.

Bhattacharyya P, Bisen J, Bhaduri D, Priyadarsini S, Munda S, Chakraborti M, Adak T, Panneerselvam P, Mukherjee A K, Swain S L, Dash P K, Padhy S R, Nayak A K, Pathak H, Kumar S, Nimbrayan P. 2021. Turn the wheel from waste to wealth: Economic and environmental gain of sustainable rice straw management practices over field burning in reference to India. Science of the Total Environment, 775, 145896.

Bindraban P S, Dimkpa C, Nagarajan L, Roy A, Rabbinge R. 2015. Revisiting fertilisers and fertilisation strategies for improved nutrient uptake by plants. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 51, 897–911.

Bohoussou Y N, Kou Y, Yu W, Lin B, Virk A L, Zhao X, Dang Y P, Zhang H. 2022. Impacts of the components of conservation agriculture on soil organic carbon and total nitrogen storage: A global meta-analysis. Science of the Total Environment, 842, 156822.

Breiman L. 2001. Random forests. Machine Learning, 45, 5–32.

Brentrup F, Palliere C. 2010. Nitrogen use efficiency as an agro-environmental indicator. In: Workshop Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (ed): Agri-Environmental Indicators: Lessons Learned and Future Directions. Leysin, Switzerland. pp. 23–26.

Bruulsema T. 2018. Managing nutrients to mitigate soil pollution. Environmental Pollution, 243, 1602–1605.

Campbell C A, Selles F, Lafond G P, McConkey B G, Hahn D. 1998. Effect of crop management on C and N in long-term crop rotations after adopting no-tillage management: Comparison of soil sampling strategies. Canadian Journal of Soil Science, 78, 155–162

Chen B, Ren C, Wang C, Duan J, Reis S, Gu B. 2023. Driving forces of nitrogen use efficiency in Chinese croplands on county scale. Environmental Pollution, 316, 120610.

Chen H, Li W, Zheng W, Yin C, Fan X, Ye M, Gao Z, Wu C, Liang Y. 2023. Linking nitrogen-and straw-sensitive indicator species and their co-occurrences to priming effect in agricultural soil exposed to long-term nitrogen fertilization. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 176, 108881.

Chen L, Yang S, Gao J, Chen L, Ning H, Hu Z, Lu J, Tan X, Zeng Y, Pan X, Zeng Y. 2022. Long-term straw return with reducing chemical fertilizers application improves soil nitrogen mineralization in a double rice-cropping system. Agronomy, 12, 1767.

Chen S, Yin M, Zheng X, Liu S, Chu G, Xu C, Wang D, Zhang X. 2019. Effect of dense planting of hybrid rice on grain yield and solar radiation use in southeastern china. Agronomy Journal, 111, 1229–1238.

Chen X, Cui Z, Fan M, Vitousek P, Zhao M, Ma W, Wang Z, Zhang W, Yan X, Yang J, Deng X, Gao Q, Zhang Q, Guo S, Ren J, Li S, Ye Y, Wang Z, Huang J, Tang Q, et al. 2014. Producing more grain with lower environmental costs. Nature, 514, 486–489.

Cheng B, Jiang Y, Cao C. 2021. Balance rice yield and eating quality by changing the traditional nitrogen management for sustainable production in China. Journal of Cleaner Production, 312, 127793.

Clay D E, Alverson R, Johnson J M F, Karlen D L, Clay S, Wang M Q. Bruggeman S, Westhoff S. 2019. Crop residue management challenges: A special issue overview. Agronomy Journal, 111, 1–3.

Cui S, Zhu X, Cao G. 2022. Effects of years of rice straw return on soil nitrogen components from rice-wheat cropped fields. Agronomy, 12, 1247.

Cui Z, Zhang H, Chen X, Zhang C, Ma W, Huang C, Zhang W, Mi G, Miao Y, Li X, Gao Q, Yang J, Wang Z, Ye Y, Guo S, Lu J, Huang J, Lv S, Sun Y, Liu Y, et al. 2018. Pursuing sustainable productivity with millions of smallholder farmers. Nature 555, 363–366.

Dan X, He M, Meng L, He X, Wang X, Chen S, Cai Z, Zhang J, Zhu B, Müller C. 2023. Strong rhizosphere priming effects on N dynamics in soils with higher soil N supply capacity: The ‘Matthew effect’ in plant–soil systems. Biology and Biochemistry, 178, 108949.

Davidson E A, Suddick E C, Rice C W, Prokopy L S. 2015. More food, low pollution (Mo Fo Lo Po): A grand challenge for the 21st century. Journal of Environmental Quality, 44, 305–311.

Deng Y, Jiang Y H, Yang Y, He Z L, Luo F, Zhou J. 2012. Molecular ecological network analyses. BMC Bioinformatics, 13, 113.

Ding W, Xu X, Zhang J, Huang S, He P, Zhou W. 2021. Nitrogen balance acts an indicator for estimating thresholds of nitrogen input in rice paddies of China. Environmental Pollution, 290, 118091.

Erisman J. W, Galloway J N, Seitzinger S, Bleeker A, Dise N B, Petrescu A M, Leach A M, De Vries W. 2013. Consequences of human modification of the global nitrogen cycle. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 368, 20130116.

Fan H, Jia S, Yu M, Chen X, Shen A, Su Y. 2022. Long–term straw return increases biological nitrogen fixation by increasing soil organic carbon and decreasing available nitrogen in rice-rape rotation. Plant and Soil, 479, 267–279.

Foley J A, Ramankutty N Brauman K A, Cassidy E S, Gerber J S, Johnston M, Mueller N D, O’Connell C, Ray D K, West P C, Balzer C, Bennett E M, Carpenter S R, Hill J, Monfreda C, Polasky S, Rockström J, Sheehan J, Siebert S, Tilman D, et al. 2011. Solutions for a cultivated planet. Nature, 478, 337–342.

Galloway J N, Townsend A R, Erisman J W, Bekunda M, Cai Z, Freney J R, Martinelli L A, Seitzinger S P, Sutton M A. 2008. Transformation of the nitrogen cycle: Recent trends, questions, and potential solutions. Science, 320, 889–892.

Garcia-Orenes F, Cerda A, Mataix–Solera J, Guerrero C, Bodi M B, Arcenegui V, Zornoza R, Sempere J G. 2009. Effects of agricultural management on surface soil properties and soil-water losses in eastern Spain. Soil and Tillage Research, 106, 117–123.

Ge Z, Li S, Bol R, Zhu P, Peng C, An T, Cheng N, Liu X, Li T, Xu Z, Wang J. 2021. Differential long-term fertilization alters residue-derived labile organic carbon fractions and microbial community during straw residue decomposition. Soil and Tillage Research, 213, 105120.

Grandy A S, Daly A B, Bowles T M, Gaudin A C M, Jilling A, Leptin A, McDaniel M D, Wade J, Waterhouse H. 2022. The nitrogen gap in soil health concepts and fertility measurements. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 175, 108856.

Van Grinsven H J M, Holland M, Jacobsen, B H, Klimont Z, Sutton M A, Jaap Willems W. 2013. Costs and benefits of nitrogen for Europe and implications for mitigation. Environmental Science & Technology, 47, 3571–3579.

Gu B, Zhang X, Lam S K, Yu Y, Van Grinsven H J M, Zhang S, Wang X, Bodirsky B L, Wang S, Duan J, Ren C, Bouwman L, De Vries W, Xu J, Sutton M A, Chen D. 2023. Cost-effective mitigation of nitrogen pollution from global croplands. Nature, 613, 77–84.

Gu H, Wang X, Zhang M, Jing W, Wu H, Xiao Z, Zhang W, Gu J, Liu L, Wang Z, Zhang J, Yang J, Zhang H. 2024. The response of roots and the rhizosphere environment to integrative cultivation practices in paddy rice. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 23, 1879-1896.

Hernandez D J, David A S, Menges E S, Searcy C A, Afkhami M E. 2021. Environmental stress destabilizes microbial networks. The ISME Journal, 15, 1722-1734.

Hou W, Khan M R, Zhang J, Lu J, Ren T, Cong R, Li X. 2019a. Nitrogen rate and plant density interaction enhances radiation interception, yield and nitrogen use efficiency of mechanically transplanted rice. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 269, 183–192.

Hou W, Xue X, Li X, Khan M R, Yan J, Ren T, Cong R, Lu J. 2019b. Interactive effects of nitrogen and potassium on: Grain yield, nitrogen uptake and nitrogen use efficiency of rice in low potassium fertility soil in China. Field Crops Research, 236, 14–23.

Huang S, Zeng Y, Wu J, Shi Q, Pan X. 2013. Effect of crop residue retention on rice yield in China: A meta-analysis. Field Crops Research, 154, 188–194.

Huang T, Yang N, Lu C, Qin X, Siddique K H M. 2021. Soil organic carbon, total nitrogen, available nutrients, and yield under different straw returning methods. Soil and Tillage Research, 214, 105171.

Jin Z, Shah T, Zhang L, Liu H, Peng S, Nie L. 2020. Effect of straw returning on soil organic carbon in rice-wheat rotation system: A review. Food and Energy Security, 9, e200.

Jing J, Cong W, Bezemer T M. 2022. Legacies at work: Plant-soil-microbiome interactions underpinning agricultural sustainability. Trends in Plant Science, 27, 781–792.

Kang G S, Beri V, Sidhu B S, Rupela O P. 2005. A new index to assess soil quality and sustainability of wheat-based cropping systems. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 41, 389–398.

Khan H I. 2018. Appraisal of biofertilizers in rice: To supplement inorganic chemical fertilizer. Rice Science, 25, 357–362.

Lal R. 2004. Soil carbon sequestration impacts on global climate change and food security. Science, 304, 1623–1627.

Lal R. 2005. World crop residues production and implications of its use as a biofuel. Environment International, 31, 575–584.

Lan R, Eastham S D, Liu T, Norford L K, Barrett S R H. 2022. Air quality impacts of crop residue burning in India and mitigation alternatives. Nature Communications, 13, 6537.

Li H, Dai M, Dai S, Dong X. 2018. Current status and environment impact of direct straw return in China’s cropland-A review. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 159, 293–300.

Li J, Feng Y, Mou G, Xu G, Luo Q, Luo K, Huang S, Shi X, Guan Z, Ye Y, Huang Y. 2017. Construction and application effect of the leaf value model based on SPAD value in rice. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 50, 4714–4724. (in Chinese)

Li J, Feng Y, Wang X, Peng J, Yang D, Xu G, Luo Q, Wang L, Ou D S W. 2020. Stability and applicability of the leaf value model for variable nitrogen application based on SPAD value in rice. PLoS ONE, 15, e233735.

Lin B, Cheng J, Duan H, Liu W, Dang Y P, Zhao X, Zhang H. 2024. Optimizing straw and nitrogen fertilizer resources for low-carbon sustainable agriculture. Resources, Conservation & Recycling, 209, 107743.

Ling J, Zhou J, Wu G, Zhao D, Wang Z, Wen Y, Zhou S. 2022. Deep–injected straw incorporation enhances subsoil quality and wheat productivity. Plant and Soil, 499, 207–220.

Liu B, Arlotti D, Huyghebaert B, Tebbe C C. 2022. Disentangling the impact of contrasting agricultural management practices on soil microbial communities-Importance of rare bacterial community members. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 166, 108573.

Liu C, Lu M, Cui J, Li B, Fang C. 2014. Effects of straw carbon input on carbon dynamics in agricultural soils: A meta-analysis. Global Change Biology, 20, 1366–1381.

Liu J, Jiang B, Shen J, Zhu X, Yi W, Li Y, Wu J. 2021. Contrasting effects of straw and straw-derived biochar applications on soil carbon accumulation and nitrogen use efficiency in double-rice cropping systems. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 311, 107286.

Liu J, Qiu T, Peñuelas J, Sardans J, Tan W, Wei X, Cui Y, Cui Q, Wu C, Liu L, Zhou B, He H, Fang L. 2023. Crop residue return sustains global soil ecological stoichiometry balance. Global Change Biology, 29, 2203–2226.

Liu S, Wang M, Yin M, Chu G, Xu C, Zhang X, Abliz B, Tang C, Wang D, Chen S. 2022. Fifteen years of crop rotation combined with straw management alters the nitrogen supply capacity of upland-paddy soil. Soil and Tillage Research, 215, 105219.

Lu M, Yang Y, Luo Y, Fang C, Zhou X, Chen J, Yang X, Li B. 2011. Responses of ecosystem nitrogen cycle to nitrogen addition: A meta-analysis. New Phytologist, 189, 1040–1050.

Lu X. 2020. A meta-analysis of the effects of crop residue return on crop yields and water use efficiency. PLoS ONE, 15, e231740.

Maneepitak S, Ullah H, Datta A, Shrestha R P, Shrestha S, Kachenchart B. 2019. Effects of water and rice straw management practices on water savings and greenhouse gas emissions from a double-rice paddy field in the Central Plain of Thailand. European Journal of Agronomy, 107, 18–29.

Newman M E J. 2003. The structure and function of complex networks. SIAM Review, 45, 167-256.

Novelli L E, Caviglia O P, Jobbágy E G, Sadras V O. 2023. Diversified crop sequences to reduce soil nitrogen mining in agroecosystems. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 341, 108208.

Propper C R, Sedlock J L, Smedley R E, Frith O, Shuman–Goodier M E, Grajal–Puche A, Stuart A M, Singleton G R. 2024. Balancing food security, vertebrate biodiversity, and healthy rice agroecosystems in Southeast Asia. Crop and Environment, 3, 43–50.

Ran C, Gao D, Liu W, Guo L, Bai T, Shao X, Geng Y. 2022. Straw and nitrogen amendments improve soil, rice yield, and roots in a saline sodic soil. Rhizosphere, 24, 100606.

Sapkota T B, Singh B, Takele R. 2022. Improving nitrogen use efficiency and reducing nitrogen surplus through best fertilizer nitrogen management in cereal production: The case of India and China. Advances in Agronomy, 178, 233–294.

Shan A, Pan J, Kang K. J, Pan M, Wang G, Wang M, He Z, Yang X. 2021. Effects of straw return with N fertilizer reduction on crop yield, plant diseases and pests and potential heavy metal risk in a Chinese rice paddy: A field study of 2 consecutive wheat-rice cycles. Environmental Pollution, 288, 117741.

Song T, Wang J, Xu X, Sun C, Sun C, Chen Z, Hao L. 2023. Microbial community and network differently reshaped by crushed straw or biochar incorporation and associated with N fertilizer level. GCB Bioenergy, 15, 1255-1272.

Souza E L D, Weiler D A, Bayer C, Marchesan E, Chaves B, Pilecco G E, Schmatz R, Giacomini S J. 2023. Straw management effects on global warming potential and yield-scaled greenhouse gas emissions in a subtropical rice ecosystem. Revista Brasileira de Ciência do Solo, 47 e0220134.

Sun T, Mao X, Ma Q, Han K, Wang X, Cheng Q, Sheng X, Mi W, Wu L. 2023. Response of rice yield to organic amendments was regulated by soil chemical properties, microbial functional genes and bacterial community rather than fungal community. Applied Soil Ecology, 188, 104923.

Tian D, Xiang Y, Seabloom E, Chen H Y H, Wang J, Yu G, Deng Y, Li Z, Niu S. 2022. Ecosystem restoration and belowground multifunctionality: A network view. Ecological Applications, 32, e2575.

Vashisht B B, Jalota S K, Ramteke P, Kaur R, Jayeswal D K. 2021. Impact of rice (O. sativa L.) straw incorporation induced changes in soil physical and chemical properties on yield, water and nitrogen-balance and-use efficiency of wheat (T. aestivum L.) in rice–wheat cropping system: Field and simulation studies. Agricultural Systems, 194, 103279.

Wang C, Duan J, Ren C, Liu H, Reis S, Xu J, Gu B. 2022. Ammonia emissions from croplands decrease with farm size in china. Environmental Science & Technology, 56, 9915–9923.

Wang Y, Lu Y. 2020. Evaluating the potential health and economic effects of nitrogen fertilizer application in grain production systems of China. Journal of Cleaner Production, 264, 121635.

Wang Y, Wang H, Gao C, Seglah P A, Bi Y. 2021. Urea application rate for crop straw decomposition in temperate China. Applied and Environmental Soil Science, 2021, 2240807.

Wuest S E, Peter R, Niklaus P A. 2021. Ecological and evolutionary approaches to improving crop variety mixtures. Nature Ecology & Evolution, 5, 1068–1077.

Xing Y, Zhang Q. 2010. Genetic and molecular bases of rice yield. Annual Review of Plant Biology, 61, 421–442.

Xu X, Pang D, Chen J, Luo Y, Zheng M, Yin Y, Li Y, Li Y, Wang Z. 2018. Straw return accompany with low nitrogen moderately promoted deep root. Field Crops Research, 221, 71–80.

Xu Z, Sun R, He T, Sun Y, Wu M, Xue Y, Meng F, Wang J. 2023. Disentangling the impact of straw incorporation on soil microbial communities: Enhanced network complexity and ecological stochasticity. Science of the Total Environment, 863, 160918.

Yang J, Luo Y, Chen J, Jin M, Wang Z, Li Y. 2020. Effects of main food yield under straw return in China: A meta-analysis. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 53, 4415–4429. (in Chinese)

Yin H, Zhao W, Li T, Cheng X, Liu Q. 2018. Balancing straw returning and chemical fertilizers in China: Role of straw nutrient resources. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 81, 2695–2702.

Yu C, Huang X, Chen H, Godfray H C J, Wright J S, Hall J W, Gong P, Ni S, Qiao S, Huang G, Xiao Y, Zhang J, Feng Z, Ju X, Ciais P, Stenseth N C, Hessen D O, Sun Z, Yu L, Cai W, et al. 2019. Managing nitrogen to restore water quality in China. Nature, 567, 516–520.

Zhang H, Zhang J, Yang J. 2023. Improving N use efficiency of rice crop through an optimized root system and agronomic practices. Crop and Environment, 2, 192-201.

Zhang M, Zhang X, Zhang L, Zeng L, Liu Y, Wang X, He P, Li S, Liang G, Zhou W, Ai C. 2021. The stronger impact of inorganic nitrogen fertilization on soil bacterial community than organic fertilization in short–term condition. Geoderma, 382, 114752.

Zhang S, Zhang G, Wang D, Liu Q, Xu M. 2021. Investigation into runoff nitrogen loss variations due to different crop residue retention modes and nitrogen fertilizer rates in rice-wheat cropping systems. Agricultural Water Management, 247, 106729.

Zhang X, Wang Y, Schulte-Uebbing L, Vries W D, Zou T, Davidson E A. 2022. Sustainable nitrogen management index: Definition, global assessment and potential improvements. Frontiers of Agricultural Science and Engineering, 9, 356–365.

Zhao X, Liu B Y, Liu S L, Qi J Y, Wang X, Pu C, Li S S, Zhang X Z, Yang X G, Lal R, Chen F, Zhang H L. 2020. Sustaining crop production in China’s cropland by crop residue retention: A meta-analysis. Land Degradation & Development, 31, 694–709.

Zhou Q, Yuan R, Zhang W Y, Gu J F, Liu L J, Zhang H, Wang Z Q, Yang J C. 2023. Grain yield, N use efficiency and physiological performance of indica/japonica hybrid rice in response to various N rates. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 22, 63-79.