Stage-dependence of the impacts of grazing and mowing on temporal stability of grassland biomass

doi:10.1016/j.jia.2025.11.018

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Jiatao Zhang^*, Hongbin Xu^{2, 3*}, Xiao Tao Lü⁴, Lei Zhang^{2, 3}, Ting Yuan¹, Taogetao Baoyin^1#, Zhuwen Xu^1#

¹Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Ecology and Resource Use of the Mongolian Plateau; Observation and Research Station for the Typical Steppe Ecosystem of the Ministry of Education; School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China

²Inner Mongolia Academy of Forestry Sciences, Hohhot 010010, China

³Inner Mongolia Duolun Hunshandake Sandland Ecosystem Observation and Research Station, Xilin Gol League 027300, China

⁴Erguna Forest-Steppe Ecotone Research Station, CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Silviculture, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China

Highlights

1. Grazing reduces stability in the early stage but not later, whereas the effects of mowing on stability emerge after four years.

2. Species asynchrony drives community stability in the early stages, while dominant species play a key role in the later stages.

Abstract
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摘要

生态系统稳定性是生态系统服务得以持续供给的基础。我们目前对生态系统稳定性的理解主要来自干扰或实验处理后初始阶段的研究结果，这些结果反映了生态系统的短期响应。然而，对于长期响应是否与初始响应一致，目前尚不明确。我们开展了一项为期九年的草地控制实验，研究了放牧（每年5月至9月每月放牧一次）和刈割（每年8月割草一次）对温带半干旱草原地上生物量时间稳定性的影响，并进一步探讨了实验初始四年与随后的五年中处理效应及稳定性主要驱动因素的差异。结果表明，在九年研究期间，放牧和刈割均显著降低了群落稳定性，且这种影响表现出明显的阶段依赖性：放牧在前四年降低了群落稳定性，但在随后的五年未见显著影响；相反，刈割在初期未对群落稳定性产生显著影响，但在随后的五年中显著降低了群落稳定性。群落稳定性的驱动机制在早期主要受物种异步性驱动，而在后期则完全由优势物种稳定性所调控。当长期放牧导致群落中克氏针茅（Stipa krylovii）和糙隐子草（Cleistogenes squarrosa）逐渐成为优势种，或刈割导致群落稳定性随时间显著下降时，应采取围封措施以促进生态系统恢复。此外，长期围封可能导致生物量下降，从而影响群落功能的维持。基于不同阶段，建议在草地管理中合理轮换围封、放牧和刈割，以构建科学的草地管理体系，从而实现草地资源的可持续利用。

Abstract

Ecosystem stability ensures the sustainable supply of ecosystem services. Our current understanding of ecosystem stability is mainly based on results from the initial stage after disturbance or experimental treatments, which reveal short-term responses. There is a big knowledge gap regarding whether the long-term responses would be consistent with such initial responses. We examined how grazing and mowing affect the temporal stability of aboveground biomass in a temperate semi-arid steppe and further clarified the differences in treatment impacts and primary drivers of stability between the initial four years and the subsequent five years. Both grazing and mowing significantly decreased the community stability across the nine years, and such impacts showed high stage-dependency. Grazing reduced community stability in the first four years but not in the following five. Mowing initially did not affect community stability but reduced it over the next five years. Community stability was driven by species asynchrony in the early stage, and later solely regulated by the dominant species stability. When Stipa krylovii and Cleistogenes squarrosa become dominant in the community following prolonged grazing, or when mowing leads to a notable decline in community stability over time, enclosure measures should be adopted to promote ecological recovery. Additionally, long-term enclosure may also lead to a decline in biomass, thereby affecting the maintenance of community functions. We recommend implementing a rational rotation of enclosure, grazing, and mowing in grassland management based on different stages, as a scientifically sound grassland management system is key to achieving sustainable utilization of grassland resources.

Keywords: dominant species stability grazing mowing temperate steppe species asynchrony

Online: 13 November 2025

Fund:

This study was supported by “The Open bidding for selecting the best candidates” Project of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region (2024JBGS0020), the Inner Mongolia Forestry Science Research Institute’s Research Capacity Enhancement “Unveiling and Leading” Project, China (2024NLTS03), the Project for Scientific Innovation Capability Development of the Key Laboratory of Ecology and Resource Use of the Mongolian Plateau, Ministry of Education of China (MPL20250202), and the National Key Basic Research Development Program, China (2014CB138805). We are profoundly thankful to the field observation platform of Inner Mongolia University.

About author: Jiatao Zhang, E-mail: jtzhang0209@163.com; Hongbin Xu, E-mail: xhb1686@163.com #Correspondence Taogetao Baoyin, Email: bytgt@imu.edu.cn; Zhuwen Xu, zwxu@imu.edu.cn * These authors contributed equally to this work.

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Jiatao Zhang, Hongbin Xu, Xiao Tao Lü, Lei Zhang, Ting Yuan, Taogetao Baoyin, Zhuwen Xu. 2025. Stage-dependence of the impacts of grazing and mowing on temporal stability of grassland biomass. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, Doi:10.1016/j.jia.2025.11.018

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