Optimizing plastic film mulching and nitrogen fertilizer strategies for spring maize in Loess Plateau through field experiments and enhanced AquaCrop modeling

doi:10.1016/j.jia.2025.11.014

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Yu Liu¹, Gang Cheng¹^,², Yaosheng Zhang¹, Tingting Huang³, Hongzheng Shen¹^,⁴, Weibin Zhang¹, Xiaoyi Ma^1#

¹Key Laboratory of Agricultural Soil and Water Engineering in Arid Area of Ministry of Education, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China

²STECOL Corporation, Tianjin 300384, China

³Department of Biological & Ecological Engineering, Oregon State University, Corvallis 97331, USA

⁴China Water Resources Bei Fang Investigation, Design and Research Co. Ltd, Tianjin 300222, China

Highlights

Ÿ Plastic film mulching (PM) enhanced spring maize yield and soil water and heat.

Ÿ AquaCrop model improved using stage-specific temperature compensation under PM.

Ÿ Improved model achieved higher accuracy in simulating canopy cover and biomass.

Ÿ Optimal PM–nitrogen setup: full film 180 kg N dry years, wide film 225 kg N normal/wet.

Abstract
References

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摘要

地膜覆盖在雨养农业中广泛用于提升土壤温度与水分，但不同水文条件下地膜覆盖比例和氮素施用对春玉米的综合影响仍尚不明确。为此，我们在黄土高原开展了为期两年（2021年和2022年）的田间试验，并通过引入针对全覆盖和宽覆盖地膜处理的特定生长阶段温度升高补偿系数，改进了AquaCrop模型。结果表明：播种后前90天，地膜覆盖使土壤温度升高2.11–3.59℃，土壤含水量提高14.3–21.2%，这意味着模型在播种-抽雄期需要进行增温补偿。改进后的模型将冠层覆盖度和地上部生物量的归一化均方根误差值分别从14.2%和7.6%降低至8.1%和6.2%。基于连续40年模拟结果，我们确定了最佳地膜覆盖比例与施氮水平的组合：干旱年份采用FN180（100% PM+180 kg N ha⁻¹）以最大化降水利用效率（+35.3%）；正常和湿润年份采用WN225以平衡产量和氮肥农学利用效率（>14 kg kg⁻¹）。我们的研究结果表明，依据水文条件因地制宜地配置地膜覆盖比例与施氮水平可以增强水肥协同作用，为半干旱农田生态系统的可持续玉米生产提供具气候韧性的管理路径。

Abstract

Plastic film mulching (PM) is widely used to improve soil temperature and moisture in rainfed agriculture, but the combined effects of PM proportions and nitrogen (N) fertilization on spring maize under different hydrological conditions remain unclear. We conducted a two-year field experiment (2021 and 2022) in the Loess Plateau and improved the AquaCrop model by incorporating stage-specific temperature-increase compensation coefficients for full and wide PM treatments. Results showed that PM increased soil temperature by 2.11–3.59°C and water content by 14.3–21.2% during the first 90 days after sowing, requiring compensatory temperature increases during the sowing-tasseling stage. The modification reduced normalized root-mean-square error values of canopy cover and biomass from 14.2 and 7.6% to 8.1 and 6.2%, respectively. Using 40 years of hydrological simulation, we identified the optimal PM–N combinations: FN180 (100% PM+180 kg N ha⁻¹) for dry years to maximize precipitation use efficiency (+35.3%), and WN225 for normal and wet years to balance yield and nitrogen fertilizer agronomic use efficiency (>14 kg kg⁻¹). Our results demonstrate that tailoring PM proportions and N rates to hydrological conditions enhances water–nutrient synergy, providing a climate-resilient management approach for sustainable maize production in semi-arid agroecosystems.

Keywords: temperature-increase compensation precipitation use efficiency nitrogen fertilizer agronomic use efficiency AquaCrop model

Online: 13 November 2025

Fund:

This study was financially supported by the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region “Leading the Charge with Open Competition” (2023JBGS000801), the National Key R&D Program of China (2022YFD1900803), and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (52179048).

About author: #Corresponding Xiaoyi Ma, Email: xma@nwafu.edu.cn

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Yu Liu, Gang Cheng, Yaosheng Zhang, Tingting Huang, Hongzheng Shen, Weibin Zhang, Xiaoyi Ma. 2025. Optimizing plastic film mulching and nitrogen fertilizer strategies for spring maize in Loess Plateau through field experiments and enhanced AquaCrop modeling. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, Doi:10.1016/j.jia.2025.11.014

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