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Overcoming Continuous Cropping Obstacles—The Difficult Problem     LI Tian-lai, YANG Li-juan Scientia Agricultura Sinica   2016,49(5 ):916 -918. DOI:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2016.05.011 Abstract  （1153） HTML （43） PDF（pc） （231KB）（1793） Save Reference丨 Related Articles丨 Metrics

Differential Protein Analysis of Tomato Leaves in Tomato-Potato Onion Intercropping System     LIU Shu-qin, ZHOU Xin-gang, WU Feng-zhi, LIU Shou-wei Scientia Agricultura Sinica   2016,49(5 ):919 -932. DOI:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2016.05.012 Abstract  （433） HTML （16） PDF（pc） （2252KB）（788） Save 【Objective】The objective of this study was to better understand the soil sickness mechanism of the tomato intercropped with four different allelopathic potential potato onions which has high yield and less plant diseases, obtain the differential expressed proteins of tomato leaves in tomato-potato onion intercropping system, and improve the foundation and extend of tomato cultivation mode.【Method】 A comparative proteome analysis was conducted to study the impact of tomatoes under normal monoculture and intercropping with four varieties of potato onion with different allelopathic potential (high allelopathic potential cultivars: ‘Suihua’, ‘Wuchanghongqishe’, and low allelopathic potential cultivars: ‘Ninganhongcheng’, ‘Qitaihe’). Total proteins were extracted from these tomato leaves, and subjected to two-dimensional electrophoresis, followed by MALDI-TOF-MS mass spectrometry. Types and functions of proteins differently expressed in the leaves were analyzed.【Result】The results showed that 39 proteins differently expressed in the leaves of intercropped tomato. These proteins were divided into main 7 categories, including proteins related to photosynthesis, metabolism, energy metabolism, plant resistance, protein synthesis, nucleic acid synthesis and unknown protein. The proteins showing a higher abundance were primarily involved in 11 photosynthesis proteins, 10 metabolic proteins and 8 plant resistance proteins discovered. The photosynthesis of intercropped tomato enhanced and resistance also increased. The expression levels of heat shock-related protein, thioredoxin peroxidase, polyphenoloxidase, sedoheptulose-1,7- bisphosphatase, S-adenosylmethionine synthase, ATP-binding protein increased in the leaves of intercropped tomato. Interestingly, the expression levels of these proteins from the tomato intercropped with potato onions with high allelopathic potentials were significantly higher than that intercropped with potato onions with low allelopathic potentials.【Conclusion】Our results showed that potato onion with different allelopathic potentials intercropped have different influences on tomato at the protein expression. The tomato intercropped with potato onions with high allelopathic potentials were stronger than tomato intercropped with potato onions with low allelopathic potentials, and is an effective way for promoting tomatoes healthy growth and better plant resistance． Reference丨 Related Articles丨 Metrics

Effects of Garlic Straw Application on Controlling Tomato Root-Knot Nematode Disease and Rhizospheric Microecology     GONG Biao, ZHANG Li-li, SUI Shen-li, WANG Xiu-feng, WEI Min, SHI Qing-hua, YANG Feng-juan, LI Yan Scientia Agricultura Sinica   2016,49(5 ):933 -941. DOI:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2016.05.013 Abstract  （531） HTML （14） PDF（pc） （467KB）（761） Save 【Objective】 The effects of garlic straw application on controlling tomato root-knot nematode disease and rhizospheric microecology have been studied with the purpose of showing comprehensive effects among plants, root-knot nematode disease and rhizospheric microecology. This study will provide the theoretical and technical basis for the exploitation of garlic straw. 【Method】 This study was performed with five treatments including 0 (CK), 1% (T1), 2% (T2), 4% (T3) and 8% (T4) garlic straw application (w/w) in pots (both the diameter and depth are 20 cm) with 5 kg garden soil. Then, we planted one tomato seedling in each pot and cultivated them in a greenhouse (28-32℃/15-23℃). Seven days later, five holes were dug around the tomato seedlings and inoculated about 5000 root-knot nematode J2 per seedling. There are 30 pots in each treatment. Tomato root and rhizospheric soil by dithering at the 10, 30, and 50th days after treatment were collected and then we determined the biomass of each tomato plant; disease index including numbers of root-knot nematode, numbers and ratios of female, numbers of egg masses, eggs index, reproduction index, galling index and relative control efficiency; activities of soil enzymes including urease, phosphatise, sucrose, cellulose, catalase and polyhenoloxidase; microbial population of bacteria, fungi and antinomyces, numbers of different nematode trophic groups including phytophagous nematodes, bacterial-feeding nematode, fungal-feeding nematodes and omnivorous-predator nematodes. 【Result】 With the increasing consumption of garlic straw, the biomass of tomato plant firstly increased and then decreased, among which, T1 treatment was little higher than CK and T2 treatment was lower than CK. However, the relative control efficiency was increased with the increasing consumption of garlic straw, reaching 13.6%, 50.0%, 72.7% and 81.8% separately. The ratio of females was decreased by applying garlic straw, which decreased the numbers of egg masses, egg index and reproduction index. The activities of urease and phosphatise were decreased in garlic straw treatments. However, the activities of cellulose, invertase, catalase and polyphenoloxidase in rhizospheric soil were increased. In addition, application of garlic straw significantly increased the numbers of bacterium, fungi and actinomycetes. The numbers of bacterium firstly increased and then decreased, and the maximum value could be observed in T2 treatments. However, numbers of fungi and actinomycetes were increased with the increasing consumption of garlic straw. Application of garlic straw significantly decreased the numbers of phytophagous nematode, but increased the numbers of bacterial-feeding and omnivorous-predator nematode. The increase of the fungal-feeding nematode was not significant. 【Conclusion】 Comprehensive consideration of the growth of tomato plants, the protection of root-knot nematode disease and rhizospheric microecology, this study indicated that T2 garlic straw application was better than other treatments. Reference丨 Related Articles丨 Metrics

Analysis of Soil Microbial Community Structure and Diversity in Cucumber Continuous Cropping Nutrition Medium by Biolog-ECO     ZOU Chun-jiao, QI Ming-fang, MA Jian, WU Chun-cheng, LI Tian-lai Scientia Agricultura Sinica   2016,49(5 ):942 -951. DOI:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2016.05.014 Abstract  （606） HTML （19） PDF（pc） （580KB）（1094） Save 【Objective】 As an effective way to alleviate a continuous cropping obstacle, nutrition medium cultivation has been widely used. However, cropping obstacles still happen in nutrition medium cultivation after years of cultivation. Because of insufficient study on the mechanism and repair methods, replacement of the nutrition medium is the main method to solve the problem of a continuous cropping obstacle, resulting in the wasting of resources. The objectives of this study were to analyze the soil microbial community structure and the diversity of the nutrition medium, in order to explore the mechanism of a continuous cropping obstacle and find a reasonable method of repairing a continuous cropping obstacle of nutrition medium.【Method】 An experiment of continuous cropping of cucumbers in a nutrition medium (made from straw, soil, and chicken manure) was conducted in a greenhouse in order to study the microbial community structure and diversity of the nutrition medium microenvironment. The Shannon-Wiener diversity index, the Simpson dominance index and the McIntosh index were calculated by the biology-ECO method to reveal the microbial community structure and diversity. In addition, the changes of the microbial community structure and diversity in different rotation nutrition mediums were analyzed by the principal component analysis method. 【Result】 With the increase of rotation, the average yield of cucumber reached a peak in continuous cropping stubble 5, and that in continuous cropping stubble 11 was significantly lower than in stubble 1. As for the pH value of a continuous cropping cucumber nutrition medium, it was gradually reduced with the increase of rotation, and it was significantly lower in continuous cropping stubble 13 than in stubble 1. The content of organic carbon, available nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium of the continuous cropping cucumber nutrition medium reached the highest level at stubble 5. The available nitrogen and available potassium content in stubble 11 were significantly lower than in stubble 1, and the organic carbon and the available phosphorus content in stubble 13 was significantly lower than in stubble 1. The principal component analysis of the microbial community carbon metabolism showed that microbial carbon source utilization was significantly different after continuous cropping stubble 7. The Shannon-Wiener index, McIntosh index, and Richness index all reached peak in continuous cropping stubble 5. The Shannon-Wiener index and Richness index in continuous cropping stubble 11 began to be significantly lower than in stubble 1, The McIntosh index in stubble 13 was significantly lower than in stubble 1. Simultaneously, with the increase of rotation, the microorganism metabolic activity decreased significantly when L-Arginine, D-Galactonic acid latone, Tween 40, Tween 80, Pyruvic acid methyl ester, Methyl-D-glucoside, and N-Acetyl-D-glucosamine were used as the carbon source. On the contrary, the activity increased significantly when L-Asparagine, 2-Hydroxy benzoic acid, 4-Hydroxy benzoic acid, Putrescine, and D-Mannitol was the carbon source. 【Conclusion】 The results showed that in continuous cropping stubble 5, the average yield of cucumbers, microbial carbon metabolism, indicators of microbial diversity, and high utilization of single carbon source number were all highest. After continuous cropping stubble 11, the ability of microbial carbon metabolism declined significantly, microbial diversities were significantly reduced, microorganisms of carboxylic acid type of carbon source utilization improved significantly, so it is stated that the microbial population preferred carboxylic acid as a carbon source to get enrichment and microbial community structure appeared simplified. Reference丨 Related Articles丨 Metrics

Effect of Main Phenolic Acids of the Apple Replanted Soil on the Roots of Malus hupehensis Rehd. Seedlings     YIN Cheng-miao, HU Yan-li, WANG Gong-shuai, ZHANG Xian-fu, ZHOU Hui, SHEN Xiang, CHEN Xue-sen, MAO Zhi-quan Scientia Agricultura Sinica   2016,49(5 ):961 -969. DOI:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2016.05.016 Abstract  （449） HTML （12） PDF（pc） （440KB）（705） Save 【Objective】Effect of soil measured concentrations of phenolic acids and their mixture on the biomass and root system related indexes of Malus hupehensis Rehd. seedlings was studied to provide theoretical basis for the research of the mitigation measures of apple continuous cropping obstacle and the guidance of the old orchard. 【Method】 The test includes the control (CK), T1 (phloretin), T2 (mixture of phenolic acids), T3 (vanillic aldehyde), T4 (phlorizin), T5 (salicylic acid), and T6 (benzoic acid), a total of 7 treatments. Effects of soil concentration of five phenolic acids and their mixture on the biomass, root mitochondria-related indicators, root activity, root antioxidant related enzymes (SOD, POD, CAT), and changes of the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) related aconitase enzymes on seedlings of Malus hupehensis Rehd. 【Result】 Five phenolic acids and their mixture reduced the root and stem fresh weight of the Malus hupehensis Rehd. seedlings and the mixture of phenolic acids (T2) had the most inhibitory effect, which fresh weight were 27.3% and 51.7% as control, respectively. Compared to a single phenolic acid treatment, the largest damage treatment was phloridzin (T4), and the root and stem fresh weight were 27.3% and 51.7% as control, respectively. Treatments that caused damage to the biomass of Malus hupehensis Rehd. seedlings were sorted as: Mixed phenolic acids＞Phlorizin＞Phloretin＞Vanillic aldehyde＞Salicylic acid＞Benzoic acid＞Control. Different phenolic acids treatments reduced the root activity of the Malus hupehensis Rehd. seedlings. With the extension of treatment time, the root activity decreased more significantly. Root activity of T2 reduced the most significant after treatment of 1, 3, 5 d, which were 73.0%, 71.7% and 76.1% as control, respectively. Root activity of T4 reduced the most significant after treatment of 10, 15 d, which reduced from 85.5% to 54.4% as control. Different phenolic acids treatments also reduced the root activity of SOD, POD and CAT. Different phenolic acids treatments could significantly increase the content of malondialdehyde (MDA). With the extension of treatment time, the content of MDA increased more significantly. The MDA of T2 increased the most significant after treatment of 1, 3, 5 d, which were 7.71, 1.66, and 1.66 times as control, respectively. The content of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) increased first and then decreased. The H2O2 of T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6 increased the most significant after treatment of 3 d, which were 2.50, 2.36, 2.58, 2.59, 2.40 and 2.58 times as control, respectively. Different phenolic acids treatments inhibited the TCA cycle related activity of aconitase and isocitrate dehydrogenase, which consistent declined in root activity. However, different phenolic acids treatments had no effect on fumaric acid enzyme activity. The phenolic acids increased the opening of mitochondrial permeability transition pores, decreased the membrane electric potential and cytochrome c/a. The cytochrome c/a of T2 reduced the most significant after treatment of 1, 3, 5, 10, 15 d, which were 76.0%, 76.9%, 69.1%, 66.4%, 64.2% as control, respectively. Followed by T4 treatment, the cytochrome c/a of T4 at 15 d varied from low to high: Mixed phenolic acids＞Phlorizin＞Phloretin＞Vanillic aldehyde＞Salicylic acid＞Benzoic acid＞Control.【Conclusion】Phenolic acids mixtures, phlorizin and phloretin had greater inhibition effect on the growthof Malus hupehensis Rehd. seedlings. The results showed that phlorizin and phloretin were the main phenolic acids in the replanted apple orchards. When updating the old orchard, a variety of measures can be used to degrade phlorizin and phloretin primarily to ease harm caused by phenolic acids in the apple replant disease. Reference丨 Related Articles丨 Metrics

Effect of Wheat Residues on Growth and Rhizosphere Microorganisms of Continuously Monocropped Watermelon     HAN Zhe, XU Li-hong, LIU Cong, KONG Ling-kun, WU Feng-zhi, PAN Kai Scientia Agricultura Sinica   2016,49(5 ):952 -960. DOI:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2016.05.015 Abstract  （413） HTML （15） PDF（pc） （440KB）（858） Save 【Objective】The microbial community structure was the important element of soil environmental quality in soil. The purpose of this study was to compare the influence of D123 and D125 wheat residues on the growth and rhizosphere microorganisms of watermelon in continuous cropping soil, the relation of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum and rhizosphere microorganism in soil, to provide a reference for ecological control about watermelon continuous obstacles and watermelon wilt disease. 【Method】The D123 and D125 wheat residues were smashed and mixed in the continuous cucurbites cropping soil. The growth index and yield of watermelon have been measured by conventional methods. Rhizosphere microorganism numbers were determined with a dilution plate method. Abundances of Bacillus and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum were assessed by real-time PCR. 【Result】The results showed that the vine length of watermelon was promoted after D123 and D125 wheat residues treatment, the fresh weight of over ground root and plant were increased significantly in the later growth stage (P＜0.05), and D125 was higher than D123. The yield per plant was increased after the stubble treatment but was non-significant. Stubble treatment increased the yield per plant of watermelon, but this difference was insignificant. With the statistics of the rhizosphere soil microorganism number, the bacterial population of D125 was remarkably higher than the D123 and control (CK) at 20 d after transplanting (P＜0.05), but the discrepancy was not significant between D123 and CK. D125 treatment bacterial population was remarkably higher than CK at 30 d after transplanting (P＜0.05), there was a non-significant difference between D123 and the CK, D125 and D123 (P＜0.05). The fungus amount researches show that D125＞D123＞CK each period, this rule shows a significant difference at 30 d after transplanting (P＜0.05). The research of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum number show that D125＞D123＞CK, D125 treatment is significantly higher than D123 and the CK at 30 d after transplanting (P＜0.05), but D123 treatment and CK had no remarkable difference. The B/F specific value had a declining curve along with the sampling period, the multiply speed of bacterial population was lower than fungus and Fusarium oxysporum. On 20 d after transplanting, the B/F specific value of D125 treatment was remarkably higher than D123 treatment and CK in rhizosphere soil (P＜0.05), D123 treatment had non-significant difference with CK. The amount of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum had a growth trend with the plant growth of watermelon, Fusarium oxysporum assume CK＞D123＞D125 in all periods, the data show that wheat residues significant reduce the amount of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum at 20 d and 40 d after transplanting (P＜0.05). The Bacillus data indicate that the amount of Bacillus reaching the maximum value at 30 d after transplanting, but it was lower in other periods. Wheat residues increase the number of Bacillus in rhizophere soil contemporaneity, D125 treatment outstanding higher than CK in each period (P＜0.05), and D123 treatment significantly greater than CK at 20 d and 30 d after transplanting (P＜0.05), D125 treatment was salience higher than D123 treatment on 20 d and 40 d after transplanting (P＜0.05), and it showed an adverse result at 30 d after transplanting. 【Conclusion】Wheat residues can promote watermelon growth, increase microbial numbers and the size of the beneficial microflora, and reduce the number of pathogens. Wheat residues can repair soils continuously cropping of watermelon. Reference丨 Related Articles丨 Metrics

Effects of 2-methylbutyrate on Digestive Enzymes Activities and Gene Expression of Glucose Cotransporter of Small Intestine in Calves     ZHANG Hang, LIU Qiang, WANG Cong, ZHANG Yan-li, PEI Cai-xia, WANG Yong-xin, GUO Gang, HUO Wen-jie, ZHANG Shuan-lin Scientia Agricultura Sinica   2016,49(5 ):979 -987. DOI:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2016.05.018 Abstract  （448） HTML （12） PDF（pc） （401KB）（406） Save 【Objective】 There are obvious changes observed in the development of the gastrointestine and its function of absorption and metabolism in pre- and post-weaning dairy calves. Especially, the development of the gastrointestine and even its future production performance which are influenced by the feeding and management of calves during the pre-weaning period. 2-methyl butyric acid is a kind of branched-chain short volatile fatty acids, mainly from the degradation of branched chain amino acids in the rumen, can be used as a control agent of ruminant animal gastrointestinal development. The aim of this study was to reveal the 2-methyl butyric acid on development mechanism of the small intestine by observing the effects of 2-methyl butyrate supplementation on the small intestine digestive enzymes activities and expression of growth hormone receptor (GHR) and sodium-glucose cotransporter (SGLT1) mRNA of small intestinal mucosa in dairy calves. 【Method】Thirty-two Holstein male calves (15-day-old) with similar body weight (44.7±0.3) kg were chosen and divided into four groups randomly. Calves in the control were fed milk in pre-weaning and calf-concentrate and alfalfa hay in the post-weaning period. Calves in treatments were supplemented 2-methylbutyrate at 3, 6 and 9 g per calf per day, respectively. All calves were weaned at 45 days of age. At 30 and 90 days of age, four calves from each group were selected and slaughtered before the morning feeding. Digesta and mucosa of duodenal, proximal jejunal, distal jejunal and ileal were collected to determine the activities of lactase, amylase, trypsase and lipase, and mRNA expression of GHR and SGLT-1, respectively. 【Result】The results showed that lactase enzyme activity and mRNA expression of mucosal GHR and SGLT1 in every part of small intestine in post-weaning calves were lower than that in pre-weaning calves, while activities of amylase, lipase and trypsin in every part of the small intestine in post-weaning calves were higher than that of pre-weaning calves. Lactase activities of proximal jejunal, distal jejunal and ileal in pre-weaning calves supplemented with 2-methyl butyrate at 6 and 9 g·d-1 were higher than that of the control group and the 3 g·d-1 2-methyl butyrate group (P＜0.05). Lactase activities of duodenal and ileal in post-weaning calves in the group supplemented with 2-methyl butyrate at 6 and 9 g·d-1 were higher than that of the control group and the 3 g·d-1 2-methyl butyrate group (P＜0.05). Activities of trypsase and lipase in the duodenal, proximal jejunal, distal jejunal and ileal, and GHR mRNA expression of the small intestine in pre- and post-weaning calves supplemented with 2-methyl butyrate at 6 and 9 g·d-1 were higher than that of the control group and the 3 g·d-1 2-methyl butyrate group (P＜0.05). The SGLT-1 mRNA expression of the duodenal in pre- and post-weaning calves supplemented with 2-methyl butyrate at 6 and 9 g·d-1 were higher than that of the control group (P＜0.05). The SGLT-1 mRNA expression of the proximal jejunal, distal jejunal and ileal in pre- and post-weaning calves supplemented with 2-methyl butyrate at 6 and 9 g·d-1 were higher than that of the control and 3 g·d-1 2-methyl butyrate group (P＜0.05).【Conclusion】Results indicated that digestive enzymes activities in the small intestinal digesta and mRNA expression of GHR and SGLT-1 in the small intestinal mucosa were improved by supplemental 2-methyl butyrate, and the optimum dose of 2-methyl butyric acid was 6 g·d-1.   Reference丨 Related Articles丨 Metrics