Scientia Agricultura Sinica ›› 2025, Vol. 58 ›› Issue (13): 2552-2563.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.13.005

• TILLAGE & CULTIVATION·PHYSIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY·AGRICULTURE INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY • Previous Articles     Next Articles

Effects of Reducing Nitrogen Application on Maize Agronomic Traits, Grain Yield and Quality Under Green Manure Returning to Field System in Arid Areas

WANG PengFei(), YU AiZhong(), WANG Feng, WANG YuLong, LÜ HanQiang, SHANG YongPan, Yin Bo, LIU YaLong, ZHANG DongLing, HUO JianZhe, JIANG KeQiang, PANG XiaoNeng   

  1. College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University/State Key Laboratory of Arid Land Crop Science, Lanzhou 730070
  • Received:2025-02-13 Accepted:2025-03-03 Online:2025-07-01 Published:2025-07-05

Abstract:

【Objective】 In order to seek a reasonable nitrogen application system suitable for high-yield and high-quality production of maize in arid areas, this study focused on the effects of reducing nitrogen application under the condition of returning green manure to the field on maize grain yield and quality, with a view to providing a theoretical basis for the regional development of nitrogen-saving, efficiency-enhancing, high-yield and high-quality agricultural production models. 【Method】 Field experiment were conducted at the Wuwei Oasis Agricultural Experiment Station from 2020 to 2022, and different nitrogen reduction rates were investigated under the condition of green manure returned to the field (Green manure retention with nitrogen reduction 0%, N100, 360 kg N·hm-2; Green manure retention with nitrogen reduction 10%, N90, 324 kg N·hm-2; Green manure retention with nitrogen reduction 20%, N80, 288 kg N·hm-2; Green manure retention with nitrogen reduction 30%, N70, 252 kg N·hm-2; and Green manure retention with nitrogen reduction 40%, N60, 216 kg N·hm-2) on maize agronomic traits, yield components and grain quality. 【Result】 Compared with the N100 treatment, the N80 treatment ensured that maize plant height, stem diameters, and dry weight did not decrease, while the N70 treatment reduced them by 8.8%, 11.3%, and 16.4%, respectively, and the N60 treatment reduced them by 10.6%, 12.9%, and 21.3%, respectively. Among the yield components, there was no significant difference in maize bare top length among treatments; ear length, row number per ear, kernel number per row, and ear numbers under N100, N90, and N80 treatments were no significant difference too, but they were all significantly higher than those under N70 and N60 treatments. In addition, N80 treatment had the advantage of ensuring that the maize grain protein content was not reduced and fat content was increased while ensuring that maize yield was not reduced. And this system helped to reduce the amount of nitrogen accumulation in maize stems and leaves, and increased the amount of nitrogen accumulation in maize grain. Mantel test analysis revealed that maize grain yield, protein content, and fat content exhibited significant positive correlations (P<0.05, Mantel’s r>0.25) with nitrogen application rate, grain nitrogen accumulation, plant height, stem diameter, dry weight, ear length, and row number per ear. However, no significant correlations were observed with ear height, bare top length, or kernels number per row. Grey correlation analysis further showed that the ear numbers, plant dry weight and row number per ear were the key factors affecting maize kernel yield. 【Conclusion】 In the context of sustainable agriculture, reducing nitrogen by 20% under the condition of returning green manure to the field (288 kg N·hm-2) could be used as a reasonable nitrogen management system for developing nitrogen-saving and input-reducing, high-yield and high-quality agriculture in arid areas.

Key words: green manure, nitrogen fertilizer, maize, yield, grain quality, nitrogen accumulation

Fig. 1

Mean daily precipitation and air temperature in the study area from 2020 to 2022"

Table 1

Fertilizer regimes under different treatments in the experiment"

代码
Code
处理
Treatment
基肥
Base fertilizer (kg·hm-2)
追肥 Top application (kg·hm-2) 总施氮量
Total N application rate (kg·hm-2)
大喇叭口期
Flare opening stage
灌浆初期
Filling stage
N100 绿肥还田条件下不减氮
Green manure retention with no nitrogen reduction
108 180 72 360
N90 绿肥还田条件下减氮10%
Green manure retention with nitrogen reduction10%
98 162 64 324
N80 绿肥还田条件下减氮20%
Green manure retention with nitrogen reduction 20%
86 144 58 288
N70 绿肥还田条件下减氮30%
Green manure retention with nitrogen reduction 30%
76 126 50 252
N60 绿肥还田条件下减氮40%
Green manure retention with nitrogen reduction 40%
64 108 44 216

Fig. 2

Schematic diagram of field experiment Rotation sequence I: maize→spring wheat−common vetch;Rotation sequence II: spring wheat− common vetch→maize"

Table 2

Irrigation stages and quota for maize, wheat and common vetch"

灌溉次数
Irrigation frequency
玉米Maize 小麦Wheat 箭筈豌豆Common vetch
灌溉时期
Irrigation stage
灌溉定额
Irrigation quota (mm)
灌溉时期
Irrigation stage
灌溉定额
Irrigation quota (mm)
灌溉时期
Irrigation stage
灌溉定额
Irrigation quota (mm)
1 拔节期Jointing 90 苗期Seedling 75 苗期Seedling 70
2 大喇叭口期Big trumpet 75 孕穗期Booting 90 现蕾期Budding 90
3 抽雄期Tasseling 90 灌浆期Filling 75 / /
4 吐丝期Silking 75 / / / /
5 灌浆期Filling 75 / / / /

Fig. 3

Performance of maize agronomic traits under different nitrogen reduction treatments Different lowercase letters represent significant difference between different treatments in the 0.05 probability level。误差线表示标准误 The error bar indicates standard errors。下同 The same as below"

Fig. 4

Ear traits of maize under different nitrogen reduction treatments"

Fig. 5

Influences of different nitrogen reduction treatments on protein, fat, and starch content in maize"

Table 3

Nitrogen accumulation and distribution ratio in various organs of maize at maturity under different treatments"

年份
Year
处理
Treatment
叶片Leaf 茎Stem 籽粒Grain 总积累量
Total accumulation
(kg·hm-2)
氮素积累量
N accumulation
(kg·hm-2)
分配比例
Distribution ratio (%)
氮素积累量
N accumulation
(kg·hm-2)
分配比例
Distribution ratio (%)
氮素积累量
N accumulation
(kg·hm-2)
分配比例
Distribution ratio (%)
2020 N100 77.8c 17.2c 49.5b 10.9c 325.0a 71.8a 452.4a
N90 79.2c 17.6c 49.1b 10.9c 322.2a 71.5a 450.5a
N80 78.3c 17.3c 47.8b 10.6c 326.0a 72.1a 452.0a
N70 88.0b 21.0b 69.8a 16.6b 261.7b 62.4b 419.6b
N60 98.2a 24.8a 72.6a 18.4a 224.7c 56.8c 395.5c
2021 N100 59.9c 14.0c 48.7b 11.4b 319.4a 74.6b 428.1a
N90 60.3c 13.9c 47.5b 11.0bc 325.2a 75.1b 433.0a
N80 57.0d 13.5c 40.0c 9.5c 324.8a 77.0a 421.8a
N70 65.7b 17.2b 59.2a 15.5a 257.1b 67.3c 382.0b
N60 78.5a 22.5a 56.7a 16.2a 214.2c 61.3d 349.3c
2022 N100 69.3c 15.7c 39.8b 9.0b 331.2a 75.2a 440.3a
N90 62.4c 14.5c 42.4b 9.8b 326.9a 75.7a 431.7a
N80 65.4c 15.2c 42.6b 9.9b 322.8a 74.9a 430.8a
N70 70.3b 18.0b 55.4a 14.2a 265.3b 67.9b 391.0b
N60 80.2a 21.5a 57.2a 15.3a 235.4c 63.1c 372.8c

Fig. 6

Correlation analysis and Mantel analysis between maize yield and quality and various influencing factors Protein, Fat, Starch, Yield, N rate, Leaf N, Stem N, Grain N, PH, SD, EH, DW, BT, EL, RNE, KNR, and EN represent grain protein content, fat content, starch content, nitrogen application rate, leaf nitrogen accumulation, stem nitrogen accumulation, grain nitrogen accumulation, plant height, stem diameter, ear height, dry weight, bare top length, ear length, row number per ear, kernel number per row, and ear number per unit area, respectively"

Table 4

The incidence matrix between grain yield and influencing factors of maize, as well as ranking"

指标
Index
关联度分析
Analysis of association degree
株高
PH
茎粗
SD
穗位高
EH
干重
DM
秃尖长
BT
穗长
EL
穗行数
RNE
行粒数
KNR
穗数
EN
产量
Yield
关联度 Association degree 0.370 0.877 0.832 0.901 0.713 0.889 0.899 0.880 0.948
排序 Ranking 9 6 7 2 8 4 3 5 1
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