冬麦播前耕作方式对麦玉轮作体系中玉米季土壤水分、籽粒灌浆特征及产量的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.18.005

Abstract

Abstract:

【Objective】 The Huang-Huai-Hai Plain is a typical annual rotation area of winter wheat and summer maize in China, and the effect of pre-season tillage on the yield of summer maize in this area was studied, so as to provide a theoretical basis for optimizing the tillage mode under the wheat-maize double cropping system to improve the high and stable yield of summer maize. 【Method】 Based on the 6-year long-term positioning experiment, three pre-sowing tillage modes of winter wheat were set up, including Deep tillage (DT), No-tillage (NT), and Rotation tillage (RT) with deep tillage for one year and two years, to explore the tillage mode with the greatest potential for increasing summer maize yield. 【Result】 RT and DT treatments significantly increased the soil water storage of 0-40 cm soil in tillage disturbance during the tillage period of summer maize at the grain filling stage, which was 4.89% to 11.02% (2022) and 4.43% to 6.06% (2023) higher than that under DT treatment, and 8.16% to 16.69% (2022) and 6.78% to 17.23% (2023) higher than that under NT treatments, respectively. RT treatment could maintain a high leaf area index at the maize grain filling stage, and the leaf area index under RT treatment increased by 1.41% to 14.28% (2022) and 9.03% to 14.46% (2023) compared with DT treatment before and during the grain filling stage, respectively and increased by 14.80% to 27.56% (2022) and 21.25% to 29.39% (2023) compared with NT treatment, respectively. Compared with DT and NT treatments, the contribution rate of dry matter transfer after anthesis to grain under RT treatment increased by 3.77%, 40.36% (2022) and 7.26%, 19.91% (2023), respectively. The results of logistic equation simulation showed that the parameters of the 3 grain filling stages were roughly in the order of rapid growth stage>gradual growth stage>slow growth stage, and the three grain positions showed the lower grain>the middle grain>the upper grain, and the changes of the parameters in the 3 treatments showed RT>DT>NT, in which the RT treatment reached the maximum grouting rate in advance, and the average grouting rate was the highest, thereby increasing the theoretical maximum 100-grain weight. In 2022 and 2023, the yield under RT was significantly increased by 8.92%, 14.15%, 6.25% and 19.45% compared with DT and NT treatments, respectively, and in 2022 and 2023, the 100-grain weight RT and DT treatments were significantly increased by 2.71%, 6.03%, 9.02% and 12.56% compared with NT treatments, respectively. According to the structural equation model of yield formation, the direct effect and indirect effect of 0-40 cm soil water storage on yield were 0.420 and 0.551, respectively. 0-40 cm soil water storage not only directly promoted yield formation, but also affected yield through aboveground biomass and average grain filling rate. 【Conclusion】 In conclusion, soil water storage was an important driving factor for increasing yield, and RT could increase soil water storage at summer maize filling stage, thereby increasing leaf area index with higher activity, delaying leaf senescence time, increasing dry matter accumulation, optimizing grain filling characteristics, promoting the increase of dry matter to grain filling rate, and ultimately increasing summer maize yield.

Key words: tillage regime, summer maize, soil water storage, dry matter transfer, grain filling, yield, wheat

LIU ShuiMiao, GUAN XiaoKang, ZHAO ZhiHeng, WANG JingHui, LIU ShiLong, GAO PeiMeng, WANG YanLi, WU PengNian, GAO ChenKai, LI YuMing, SHAO Jing, YU HaoLin, WANG TongChao, WEN PengFei. Residual Effects of Tillage Regime on Soil Moisture Dynamics, Grain Filling Characteristics and Yield of Summer Maize in Wheat-Maize Double Cropping System[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2024, 57(18): 3568-3585.

Figures/Tables 11

Fig. 1

Table 1

Fig. 2

Fig. 3

Fig. 4

Table 2

Fig. 5

Table 3

Table 4

Duration, average grain filling rate and accumulation of summer maize under different tillage treatments"

年份 Year	粒位 Grain position	处理 Treatment	籽粒灌浆渐增期 Grain-filling pyramid period			籽粒灌浆速增期 Grain-filling fast increase period			籽粒灌浆缓增期 Grain-filling slowly increase period
年份 Year	粒位 Grain position	处理 Treatment	T₁(d)	G₁(g·d^-1)	W₁(g)	T₂ (d)	G₂(g·d^-1)	W₂(g)	T₃ (d)	G₃(g·d^-1)	W₃(g)
2022	上部 Upper	DT	18.21±0.134b	0.26±0.001b	6.00±0.042a	18.68±0.921a	0.81±0.013b	22.41±0.115b	23.25±0.573ab	0.24±0.005ab	28.13±0.048b
		RT	18.11±0.075b	0.34±0.001a	6.14±0.04a	18.95±0.071a	0.90±0.002a	22.90±0.038a	23.58±0.044a	0.25±0.001a	28.75±0.042a
		NT	19.11±0.018a	0.24±0.000c	5.65±0.03b	18.17±0.014b	0.78±0.003c	22.10±0.067b	22.61±0.008b	0.23±0.002b	26.48±0.046c
	中部 Middle	DT	17.08±0.005c	0.39±0.000b	6.64±0.002b	19.51±0.024b	0.87±0.000b	25.13±0.005b	24.10±0.015b	0.25±0.000b	30.28±0.002b
		RT	16.35±0.003b	0.42±0.000a	6.82±0.002a	20.26±0.051a	0.92±0.001a	25.46±0.013a	25.21±0.031a	0.26±0.000a	31.96±0.013a
		NT	18.39±0.005a	0.26±0.000c	6.12±0.002c	19.36±0.016c	0.85±0.001c	22.86±0.019c	24.08±0.009b	0.23±0.001c	28.69±0.019c
	下部 Lower	DT	16.84±0.303b	0.39±0.017b	6.76±0.004b	19.51±0.049b	0.90±0.000b	25.19±0.016b	24.28±1.303b	0.25±0.001b	31.62±0.045b
		RT	16.32±0.005b	0.45±0.000a	6.98±0.001a	20.91±0.006a	0.93±0.000a	26.06±0.015a	26.01±0.004a	0.27±0.001a	32.71±0.016a
		NT	17.88±0.003a	0.34±0.000c	6.22±0.001c	19.65±0.053b	0.85±0.001c	23.23±0.009c	24.46±0.033b	0.24±0.000b	29.16±0.011c
2023	上部 Upper	DT	18.48±0.134a	0.32±0.001b	5.97±0.011b	18.68±0.349a	0.85±0.004b	22.28±0.041b	23.25±0.217b	0.24±0.001b	27.97±0.049b
		RT	18.19±0.035b	0.34±0.001a	6.16±0.006a	19.23±0.181b	0.90±0.002a	22.99±0.024a	23.93±0.112a	0.25±0.000a	28.86±0.030a
		NT	18.70±0.182a	0.30±0.001c	5.58±0.020c	18.29±0.406a	0.83±0.008c	20.81±0.075c	22.76±0.252c	0.23±0.002c	26.13±0.095c
	中部 Middle	DT	16.89±0.154b	0.39±0.003b	6.56±0.017b	18.98± 0.063b	0.92±0.002a	24.47±0.064b	24.78±0.039ab	0.25±0.000b	30.72±0.081b
		RT	16.38±0.208c	0.41±0.002a	6.65±0.027a	19.51±0.242a	0.93±0.004a	24.81±0.104a	25.14±0.150a	0.26±0.001a	31.15±0.130a
		NT	17.50±0.110a	0.36±0.001c	6.30±0.047c	18.57±0.104b	0.88±0.008b	23.50±0.178c	24.33±0.065b	0.24±0.002c	29.49±0.223c
	下部 Lower	DT	16.17±1.104a	0.41±0.015b	6.62±0.013b	19.81±0.332c	0.93±0.005b	24.70±0.060b	24.85±0.104a	0.26±0.002b	31.01±0.064b
		RT	15.91±0.305b	0.45±0.005a	7.10±0.006a	20.42±0.445a	0.95±0.009a	26.50±0.024a	25.41±0.276a	0.27±0.003a	33.26±0.029a
		NT	17.20±0.043a	0.38±0.000b	6.56±0.022b	19.51±0.220b	0.92±0.006b	24.47±0.085b	24.38±0.137b	0.26±0.001b	30.72±0.106c

Table 4

Table 5

Fig. 6

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生育时期 Growing stage	2022	2023
苗期 Seeding stage	07-07	07-07
拔节期 Jointing stage	07-20	07-20
吐丝期 Silking stage	08-10	08-10
灌浆期 Grain filling stage	08-17 08-24 09-01 09-07 09-14 09-21	08-17 08-24 09-01 09-07 09-14 09-21
成熟期 Ripening stage	09-27	09-28

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	花后干物质积累量 PDMA (kg·hm^-2)	干物质转移量 DMT (kg·hm^-2)	干物质转运率 DMTE (%)	干物质转移对籽粒贡献率 DMTC (%)	收获指数 HI
2022	DT	16333.21±1124.21a	3401.30±209.57b	23.51±1.27b	29.19±3.25a	0.39±0.02b
	RT	16414.53±1513.76a	3667.13±135.75a	25.42±2.07a	30.29±3.98a	0.42±0.04a
	NT	14863.20±627.03a	2368.30±394.16c	17.47±3.53c	21.58±3.53b	0.37±0.01b
2023	DT	14121.20±223.39b	3283.37±104.65b	28.51±1.01b	25.77±0.93a	0.45±0.01a
	RT	15713.93±121.04a	3722.25±91.71a	34.03±0.92a	27.64±1.24a	0.46±0.01a
	NT	13563.62±127.76c	2405.33±109.97c	17.22±0.76c	23.05±1.53b	0.38±0.02b

年份 Year	粒位 Grain position	处理 Treatment	A (g)	T_max (d)	W_max (g·d^-1)	G_max (g·d^-1)	G_mean (g·d^-1)	P (d)
2022	上部 Upper	DT	28.41±0.201b	27.68±0.182b	14.21±0.101b	0.99±0.017ab	0.65±0.011ab	42.55±1.049b
		RT	29.04±0.023a	27.45±0.072b	14.52±0.009a	1.02±0.009a	0.68±0.001a	43.17±0.081a
		NT	26.75±0.021c	28.19±0.018a	13.38±0.012c	0.97±0.007b	0.64±0.001b	41.38±0.015c
	中部 Middle	DT	30.33±0.009b	26.76±0.011b	15.16±0.004b	1.03±0.002b	0.68±0.002b	44.12±0.027b
		RT	32.28±0.004a	26.48±0.004c	16.14±0.007a	1.04±0.054a	0.69±0.004a	45.80±0.058a
		NT	28.98±0.013c	27.78±0.012a	14.49±0.005c	0.97±0.058c	0.64±0.005c	44.44±0.017c
	下部 Lower	DT	30.59±0.019b	26.60±0.009b	15.29±0.009b	1.03±0.003b	0.68±0.003b	44.44±0.056b
		RT	33.40±0.008a	26.27±0.011c	16.52±0.002a	1.06±0.000a	0.70±0.000a	47.62±0.006a
		NT	29.79±0.012c	27.64±0.001a	14.89±0.003c	1.01±0.003c	0.67±0.002c	44.78±0.061c
2023	上部 Upper	DT	28.25±0.053b	28.39±0.125a	14.13±0.025b	0.97±0.005b	0.65±0.003b	43.80±0.398b
		RT	29.15±0.032a	27.53±0.009b	14.58±0.015a	1.03±0.002a	0.69±0.002a	42.55±0.206ab
		NT	26.39±0.114c	28.26±0.121a	13.20±0.048c	0.95±0.009c	0.63±0.009c	41.67±0.462a
	中部 Middle	DT	31.03±0.076b	26.64±0.170b	15.52±0.040b	1.05±0.002b	0.70±0.001b	44.31±0.072ab
		RT	31.46±0.134a	26.13±0.236c	15.73±0.066a	1.06±0.005a	0.71±0.003a	44.44±0.275a
		NT	29.79±0.112c	27.25±0.085a	14.90±0.056c	1.01±0.011c	0.67±0.002c	43.91±0.119b
	下部 Lower	DT	31.79±0.069b	26.25±0.055b	15.90±0.032b	1.06±0.006b	0.70±0.004b	45.11±0.378b
		RT	33.60±0.031a	26.12±0.235b	16.80±0.015a	1.08±0.010a	0.72±0.007a	46.51±0.506a
		NT	30.05±0.037c	26.95±0.024a	15.03±0.021c	1.01±0.003c	0.68±0.002c	44.44±0.250c

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	穗长 Ear length (cm)	穗粗 Ear diameter (mm)	穗数 (穗/hm²) Ears numbers (ear/hm²)	穗粒数 (粒/穗) Grain number (per/ear)	百粒重 100 grain weight (g)	产量 Yield (kg·hm^-2)
2022	DT	17.30±0.32a	47.45±0.68a	82332.81±4168.75a	483.33±40.69ab	32.88±0.32b	11490.40±124.82b
	RT	16.96±0.36a	49.02±1.33a	85931.83±4188.78a	526.50±13.07a	33.77±0.42a	12515.06±103.27a
	NT	16.56±0.49a	48.30±1.43a	81290.63±2084.37a	463.17±32.63b	31.85±0.73b	10963.44±254.20b
2023	DT	16.87±2.00a	50.75±0.98a	82680.21±3660.04a	538.66±33.31ab	31.83±0.34b	11742.75±116.53b
	RT	17.43±1.09a	51.01±0.87a	84764.58±2406.82a	540.89±18.68a	34.70±0.55a	12476.98±319.24a
	NT	16.57±0.40a	50.66±1.99a	81985.42±2406.82a	472.18±36.59b	30.83±0.13b	10444.61±289.92c

Residual Effects of Tillage Regime on Soil Moisture Dynamics, Grain Filling Characteristics and Yield of Summer Maize in Wheat-Maize Double Cropping System

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