地下水埋深和施氮对土壤水盐分布及冬小麦养分吸收利用的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.20.019

Abstract

Abstract:

【Objective】This study aimed to explore the combined effects of groundwater depth (GWD) and nitrogen application on soil water and salt distribution, stratified residues of nitrogen and phosphorus, and nutrient absorption and utilization of winter wheat, and to determine the nitrogen (N) application threshold for shallow groundwater depth based on the salt balance of cultivated soil and stable crop yield. 【Method】A soil column simulation experiment was conducted with four GWD gradients (60, 90, 120, and 150 cm, labeled as G1, G2, G3, and G4) and four N application rates (0, 150, 240, and 300 kg·hm^-2, labeled as NF0, NF150, NF240, and NF300), resulting in 16 treatments. The experiment was carried out during the 2020-2021 and 2021-2022 winter wheat growing seasons to monitor and analyze the distribution of soil water and salt, the nitrogen and phosphorus content in different soil layers, and the nitrogen uptake and utilization of winter wheat under different GWD and N application combinations. 【Result】 Two years of data showed that increased application of N fertilizer exacerbated soil drought in the main root zone (0-60 cm soil layer, MRZ), especially, when the GWD was greater than G3, the soil moisture in the MRZ of the NF300 treatment was significantly reduced. Under N application of NF0-NF150, the electrical conductivity of the 0-20 cm and 20-60 cm soil layers showed a decreasing trend with increasing GWD, whereas under treatment of NF240-NF300, the electrical conductivity of the 20-60 cm soil layer in 2021-2022 and two-year salt accumulation significantly enlarged with increasing GWD. The N application of NF240-NF300 significantly augmented the salt content in the 0-20 cm soil layer at the depth of G3-G4, especially in the NF300 treatment where the soil conductivity of 0-20 cm soil layer exceeded the threshold (360.19-362.89 μs·cm^-1) and showed an obvious trend of alkalization. At the NF0-NF240 treatment, the average soil total nitrogen content under the MRZ of G3 and G4 treatments was the highest, while the total nitrogen and total phosphorus content were significantly reduced with increasing GWD under NF300 treatment. Among them, the average soil total nitrogen content under G1-G3 treatment was significantly higher than that under G4 treatment by 11.90% (P<0.05). Growing N fertilizer under G1-G2 depth was beneficial for increasing soil total nitrogen content, while soil total nitrogen content under NF150-NF240 treatment was the highest at the G4 depth. The soil total phosphorus content was the highest under the NF0-NF150 treatment with the G1-G4 depth. Increasing the GWD could promote the absorption of nitrogen by grains and the aboveground parts of plants under the NF0-NF240 treatment. However, with the continuous increase in N application rate and the superimposition of N application for groundwater control between years, the increase in the GWD was not conducive to the absorption of nitrogen by grains and the aboveground parts. Increased application of N fertilizer significantly promoted the N accumulation in grains and aboveground parts at the GWD of G1-G2. However, for the GWD of G3-G4, the N accumulation in grains and aboveground parts was the highest under the N application condition of NF150-NF240. Moreover, after continuous N application and groundwater control in 2021-2022, increased N fertilizer significantly reduced the nitrogen harvest index of winter wheat. 【Conclusion】 In conclusion, under the GWD of 120-150 cm, N application rate of 150-240 kg·hm^-2 was conducive to maintaining soil water-salt balance in the MRZ, enhancing N accumulation in aboveground parts and grains, and achieving both reduced N fertilizer input and improved efficiency while ensuring scientific management of the main root zone salinity.

Key words: distribution of water and salt, winter wheat, nutrient utilization, vadose zone, salt threshold

SHE YingJun, ZHOU ZiZhe, WU Ming, GUO Wei, SHI ChangJian, HU Chao, LI Ping. Effects of Groundwater Depth and Nitrogen Application on the Distribution of Soil Water and Salt and the Nutrient Absorption and Utilization of Winter Wheat[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2025, 58(20): 4285-4304.

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土层 Soil layer (cm)	电导率 EC (μs·cm^-1)	碱解氮 AN (mg·kg^-1)	速效磷 AP (mg·kg^-1)	总氮 TN (g·kg^-1)	总磷 TP (g·kg^-1)	土壤机械组成 Soil mechanical composition
土层 Soil layer (cm)	电导率 EC (μs·cm^-1)	碱解氮 AN (mg·kg^-1)	速效磷 AP (mg·kg^-1)	总氮 TN (g·kg^-1)	总磷 TP (g·kg^-1)	黏粒 Clay (%)	粉粒 Particle (%)	砂粒 Sand (%)
0-20	270.00	17.27	128.33	0.85	0.63	18.26	47.43	34.31
20-40	313.33	13.30	81.33	1.25	0.59	18.09	45.93	35.97
40-60	364.00	7.93	81.67	1.52	0.53	17.84	44.04	38.78
>60	421.67	6.18	76.33	1.47	0.48	15.88	43.87	40.00

灌水时期 Irrigation date	灌水量 Irrigation amount (mm)		灌水时期 Irrigation date	灌水量 Irrigation amount (mm)
灌水时期 Irrigation date	2020-2021	2021-2022	灌水时期 Irrigation date	2020-2021	2021-2022
播种期 Sowing stage	—	55.73	孕穗期 Booting stage	17.64	15.92
越冬期 Wintering period stage	17.64	31.85	开花期 Anthesis stage	17.64	—
返青期 Regreening stage	—	19.90	灌浆期 Filling stage	44.11	47.77
拔节期 Jointing stage	30.88	23.89

处理 Treatment		2020-2021		2021-2022		年际间累积值 Interannual cumulative value (μs·cm^-1)
NF	GWD	0-20 cm	20-60 cm	0-20 cm	20-60 cm	0-20 cm	20-60 cm
NF0	G1	319.00a	299.88d	379.25ab	274.72h	60.25bcd	-25.17e
	G2	254.80c	299.13d	305.50cd	361.75fg	50.70cde	62.62d
	G3	245.27c	304.47d	248.55e	595.20c	3.28de	290.73b
	G4	261.97bc	343.55bcd	253.2de	726.18a	-8.77e	382.63a
NF150	G1	315.71a	301.15d	406.60ab	310.45gh	90.89abc	9.30de
	G2	253.27c	393.75ab	352.64bc	419.68ef	99.38abc	25.93de
	G3	240.93c	384.03ab	375.81ab	666.10b	134.88a	282.07b
	G4	251.43c	348.08bcd	391.70ab	491.95d	140.27a	143.87c
NF240	G1	301.49ab	304.32d	379.00ab	314.83gh	77.51abc	10.52de
	G2	251.90c	361.00bc	368.65ab	397.75f	116.75abc	36.75de
	G3	285.83abc	415.00a	411.13ab	662.37b	125.30ab	247.37b
	G4	304.1ab	361.02bc	405.22ab	636.53bc	101.12abc	275.52b
NF300	G1	309.22a	304.10d	408.73ab	284.12h	99.51abc	-19.98e
	G2	306.73a	378.88ab	426.28a	400.89f	119.55abc	22.01de
	G3	300.63ab	313.50cd	431.27a	462.70de	130.63ab	149.20c
	G4	307.95a	323.72cd	429.90a	584.93c	121.95ab	261.21b
NF		**	**	**	**	**	**
GWD		**	**	ns	**	ns	**
NF*GWD		ns	**	**	**	ns	**

处理 Treatment		2020-2021		2021-2022
NF	GWD	TN (g·kg^-1)	TP (g·kg^-1)	TN (g·kg^-1)	TP (g·kg^-1)
NF0	G1	0.34f	0.51a	0.30ef	0.53cdef
	G2	0.35ef	0.52a	0.31e	0.52def
	G3	0.35f	0.53a	0.31e	0.51ef
	G4	0.36def	0.51a	0.33cd	0.55bc
NF150	G1	0.40ab	0.54a	0.29fg	0.59a
	G2	0.36ef	0.52a	0.28g	0.59a
	G3	0.39abc	0.52a	0.29fg	0.57ab
	G4	0.41a	0.54a	0.29fg	0.54cd
NF240	G1	0.38bcd	0.54a	0.26h	0.54cde
	G2	0.39abc	0.54a	0.35ab	0.54cd
	G3	0.39abc	0.56a	0.36a	0.52cdef
	G4	0.40abc	0.51a	0.34bc	0.52cdef
NF300	G1	0.35ef	0.54a	0.33bc	0.54cde
	G2	0.37cde	0.53a	0.33cd	0.53cdef
	G3	0.36ef	0.45b	0.33bc	0.51f
	G4	0.31g	0.53a	0.31de	0.48g
NF		**	ns	**	**
GWD		ns	ns	**	**
NF*GWD		**	**	**	**

处理 Treatment		籽粒氮素积累量 Nitrogen accumulation in grains (g·lys.^-1)		地上部氮素积累量 The accumulation of nitrogen in the aboveground part (g·lys.^-1)		氮素收获指数 Nitrogen harvest index (NHI) (%)
处理 Treatment		2020-2021	2021-2022	2020-2021	2021-2022	2020-2021	2021-2022
NF0	G1	0.16g	0.51e	0.21f	0.58e	76.28g	87.89ab
	G2	0.25g	0.57e	0.30f	0.66e	83.05bcd	86.95abcd
	G3	0.50f	0.64e	0.58e	0.73e	86.05ab	87.37abc
	G4	0.9de	1.15bcd	1.02cd	1.28cd	87.56a	89.48a
NF150	G1	0.76e	1.00d	0.90d	1.16d	84.63abc	85.8bcdef
	G2	0.91de	1.19abcd	1.07cd	1.37bcd	85.22ab	86.74abcde
	G3	1.19c	1.33abc	1.45b	1.58ab	81.93cde	83.65defg
	G4	1.36ab	1.28abc	1.75a	1.55ab	77.79fg	82.39fgh
NF240	G1	0.93d	1.18abcd	1.09c	1.36bcd	85.43ab	86.36abcde
	G2	1.10c	1.31abc	1.30b	1.56ab	84.57abc	84.05cdefg
	G3	1.38a	1.26abc	1.72a	1.55ab	79.87ef	81.17gh
	G4	1.38a	1.28abc	1.71a	1.57ab	80.49def	81.24gh
NF300	G1	1.09c	1.40ab	1.30b	1.68a	83.98bc	83.17efg
	G2	1.20c	1.43a	1.43b	1.74a	84.14bc	82.33fgh
	G3	1.43a	1.22abcd	1.67a	1.51abc	85.77ab	80.74gh
	G4	1.36ab	1.12cd	1.64a	1.41bcd	82.81bcde	79.24h
F值 F value	NF	**	**	**	**	ns	**
	GWD	**	*	**	**	*	**
	NF*GWD	**	**	**	**	**	ns

Effects of Groundwater Depth and Nitrogen Application on the Distribution of Soil Water and Salt and the Nutrient Absorption and Utilization of Winter Wheat

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