不同类型肥料及氮素水平对弱筋小麦氮素利用、产量及品质的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.18.009

Abstract

Abstract:

【Objective】 This research investigated the effects of different types of fertilizers on the field traits, nitrogen absorption and utilization, yield, yield components, and processing quality of weak-gluten wheat following rice cultivation in the Jiang-Huai region. The goal was to provide a theoretical basis for the selection of optimal fertilizer types and regulation of application rates for achieving high yield and quality of weak-gluten wheat in this region. 【Method】 The two weak-gluten wheat varieties, including Yangmai 20 (YM20) and Baihumai 1 (BHM1), were used as experimental materials. The experiment was set three nitrogen levels: 150 kg·hm^-2 (N₁₀), 180 kg·hm^-2 (N₁₂), and 210 kg·hm^-2 (N₁₄), with an additional nitrogen-free treatment (N₀) to calculate nitrogen efficiency. Four types of fertilizers were applied: compound fertilizer + urea (F₁), slow-release mixed fertilizer (F₂), controlled- release fertilizer (F₃), and wheat formula fertilizer (F₄). The effects of different treatments on wheat population dynamics, nitrogen utilization, yield, and quality were analyzed. 【Result】As nitrogen application levels increased, the yield and quality indicators of weak-gluten wheat improved. The one-time basal application of slow-release mixed fertilizer, controlled-release fertilizer, and wheat formula fertilizer significantly increased the SPAD value of the flag leaf after anthesis and the number of spikes at maturity. Compared with the compound fertilizer+urea treatment, the nitrogen accumulation in the above-ground parts under slow-release mixed fertilizer, controlled-release fertilizer, and wheat formula fertilizer was increased by 5.0%-12.8%, 0.8%-6.2%, and 9.9%-17.2%, respectively; the nitrogen utilization efficiency increased by 10.3%-26.9%, 4.3%-16.5%, and 22.1%-39.8%, respectively; during anthesis, the activities of nitrate reductase (NR) in the flag leaf increased by 2.6%-8.8%, -2.9%-1.5%, and 5.1%-12.8%; glutamine synthetase (GS) activity increased by 9.0%-23.8%, 2.0%-8.9%, and 11.8%-28.7%; and glutamate synthase (GOGAT) activity increased by 3.9%-18.4%, 0.8%-8.9%, and 7.7%-24.0%; yield increased by 5.0%-11.5%, 1.8%-7.6%, and 9.7%-18.4%, respectively. At nitrogen levels of 180 and 210 kg·hm^-2, slow-release mixed fertilizer, controlled-release fertilizer, and wheat formula fertilizer all resulted in varying degrees of yield improvement compared with the compound fertilizer+urea treatment. At the same nitrogen levels, slow-release mixed fertilizer and controlled-release fertilizer significantly reduced grain protein content, wet gluten content, grain hardness, and solvent retention capacity compared with the compound fertilizer + urea treatment. They also reduced dough formation time and stability time, lowered water absorption rate, and the farinograph quality number. These treatments also enhanced the dough rheological properties and weakened the gluten strength. 【Conclusion】For weak-gluten wheat cultivation following rice in the Jiang-Huai region, it was recommended to control the nitrogen level at 180-210 kg·hm^-2. A one-time basal application of slow-release mixed fertilizer could ensure both high quality and high yield of weak-gluten wheat.

Key words: weak gluten wheat, slow-release mixed fertilizer, compound fertilizer, controlled-release fertilizer, wheat formula fertilizer, yield, nitrogen utilization, processing quality, rheological properties

LI ZiHong, ZHAO JiaWen, OU XingYu, LI XuHua, DING XiaoFei, WANG YiLang, HUANG ZhengLai, MA ShangYu, FAN YongHui, ZHANG WenJing. Effects of Different Types of Fertilizers and Nitrogen Levels on Nitrogen Utilization, Yield and Quality of Weak Gluten Wheat[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2025, 58(18): 3690-3709.

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References 52

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年份 Year	有机质 Organic matter (g·kg^-1)	全氮 Total N (g·kg^-1)	碱解氮 Alkali hydrolysable N (mg·kg^-1)	速效磷 Available P (mg·kg^-1)	速效钾 Available K (mg·kg^-1)	酸碱度 pH
2022-2023	28.80	1.04	103.22	40.36	100.72	5.43
2023-2024	29.15	0.92	107.30	43.61	106.88	5.35

处理 Treatment	肥料类型及配比 Fertilizer type and ratio	肥料施用量 Fertilizer application amount (kg·hm^-2)		纯氮 N (kg·hm^-2)	纯磷 P (kg·hm^-2)	纯钾 K (kg·hm^-2)
N₁₀F₁	复合肥+尿素 Traditional compound fertilizer + urea (17-17-17) (46-0-0)	复合肥Compound	尿素Urea	150.00	147.00	157.50
N₁₀F₁		617.65	97.83	150.00	147.00	157.50
N₁₂F₁		741.18	117.39	180.00	147.00	157.50
N₁₄F₁		864.71	136.96	210.00	147.00	157.50
N₁₀F₂	缓释掺混肥 Slow-release mixed fertilizer (20-10-15)	750.00		150.00	147.00	157.50
N₁₂F₂		900.00		180.00	147.00	157.50
N₁₄F₂		1050.00		210.00	147.00	157.50
N₁₀F₃	控失肥 Controlled-release fertilizer (24-12-7)	625.00		150.00	147.00	157.50
N₁₂F₃		750.00		180.00	147.00	157.50
N₁₄F₃		875.00		210.00	147.00	157.50
N₁₀F₄	小麦配方肥 Wheat formula fertilizer (25-13-7)	600.00		150.00	147.00	157.50
N₁₂F₄		720.00		180.00	147.00	157.50
N₁₄F₄		840.00		210.00	147.00	157.50

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	白湖麦1号 BHM 1				扬麦20 YM 20
年份 Year	处理 Treatment	穗数Spike number (×10⁴·hm^-2)	穗粒数Grain per spike	千粒重 1000-kemel weight(g)	产量Grain yield (kg·hm^-2)	穗数Spike number (×10⁴·hm^-2)	穗粒数 Grain per spike	千粒重 1000-kemel weight(g)	产量Grain yield (kg·hm^-2)
2022-2023	施氮水平 N level	**	**	**	**	**	**	**	**
	肥料种类Fertilizer types 施氮水平×肥料种类 N×F	*	**	NS	**	NS	**	*	**
	肥料种类Fertilizer types 施氮水平×肥料种类 N×F	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS
2023-2024	施氮水平 N level	**	**	**	**	**	**	**	**
	肥料种类Fertilizer types施氮水平×肥料种类 N×F	NS	NS	NS	**	NS	**	NS	**
	肥料种类Fertilizer types施氮水平×肥料种类 N×F	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS

品种 Variety	处理 Treatment	穗数 Spike number (×10⁴·hm²)	穗粒数 Grains per spike	千粒重 1000-grain weight (g)	产量 Yield (kg·hm^-2)
白湖麦1号 BHM1	N₁₀F₁	439.35d	39.54c	38.38ab	6668.54d
	N₁₀F₂	464.14bcd	40.71abc	38.25b	7218.52cd
	N₁₀F₃	456.11cd	40.32abc	38.56ab	7104.55cd
	N₁₀F₄	468.28abcd	41.95ab	38.42ab	7543.60bc
	N₁₂F₁	456.62cd	39.99bc	38.48ab	7023.55cd
	N₁₂F₂	494.22abc	40.55abc	38.32ab	7677.11bc
	N₁₂F₃	470.86abcd	40.61abc	39.03ab	7459.04bc
	N₁₂F₄	496.57abc	42.07ab	38.62ab	8065.19ab
	N₁₄F₁	462.45b-d	40.13bc	38.60ab	7157.85cd
	N₁₄F₂	500.78ab	41.12abc	38.76ab	7977.96ab
	N₁₄F₃	480.18abcd	41.68abc	38.50ab	7704.45bc
	N₁₄F₄	507.43a	42.38a	39.43a	8477.79a
扬麦20 YM20	N₁₀F₁	458.85ab	37.97d	38.20abc	6648.39e
	N₁₀F₂	462.43ab	40.37abc	37.48c	6978.85cde
	N₁₀F₃	445.12b	40.46abc	37.68bc	6786.07de
	N₁₀F₄	462.52ab	40.84ab	38.63abc	7293.37bcde
	N₁₂F₁	475.29ab	38.61cd	38.44abc	7061.54cde
	N₁₂F₂	478.36ab	40.92ab	38.03abc	7450.44bcd
	N₁₂F₃	464.16ab	41.10ab	38.06abc	7253.29bcde
	N₁₂F₄	484.84ab	41.37a	39.04a	7822.50ab
	N₁₄F₁	491.49ab	39.20bcd	38.85ab	7480.28bc
	N₁₄F₂	494.59a	41.29a	38.53abc	7867.66ab
	N₁₄F₃	475.93ab	41.32a	38.87ab	7641.28bc
	N₁₄F₄	507.38a	41.87a	39.14a	8315.69a

品种 Variety	处理 Treatment	穗数 Spike number (×10⁴·hm²)	穗粒数 Grains per spike	千粒重 1000-grain weight (g)	产量 Yield (kg·hm^-2)
白湖麦1号BHM1	N₁₀F₁	437.60e	37.67cd	36.71d	6055.45g
	N₁₀F₂	463.35c	38.44bcd	37.52cd	6681.75ef
	N₁₀F₃	448.27cde	37.56d	37.54cd	6321.06fg
	N₁₀F₄	460.19cd	38.45bcd	37.94bcd	6713.51ef
	N₁₂F₁	445.11de	40.00abcd	38.62abc	6864.83def
	N₁₂F₂	460.86cd	41.33ab	38.20abcd	7274.20cde
	N₁₂F₃	452.86cde	40.67ab	38.13bcd	7027.58de
	N₁₂F₄	483.19b	41.56a	38.91abc	7811.13abc
	N₁₄F₁	456.36cd	40.39abcd	38.94abc	7177.03de
	N₁₄F₂	485.44b	41.56a	39.35ab	7934.85ab
	N₁₄F₃	463.69c	40.58abc	39.30ab	7399.86bcd
	N₁₄F₄	503.61a	41.67a	39.86a	8362.78a
扬麦20 YM20	N₁₀F₁	430.97e	36.56d	39.85bc	6277.88f
	N₁₀F₂	442.56cde	39.89abc	38.62d	6823.29def
	N₁₀F₃	431.25e	38.61cd	39.48cd	6572.72ef
	N₁₀F₄	448.04abcde	39.83abc	40.01bc	7132.43cde
	N₁₂F₁	432.23e	39.44bc	40.62bc	6930.52def
	N₁₂F₂	444.55bcde	41.33ab	39.79bc	7310.64bccd
	N₁₂F₃	439.27de	40.67abc	39.84bc	7120.63cde
	N₁₂F₄	457.12abcd	41.00abc	40.91ab	7665.10abc
	N₁₄F₁	447.98abcde	40.11abc	40.90ab	7352.96bcd
	N₁₄F₂	466.14ab	41.78ab	40.16bc	7827.38ab
	N₁₄F₃	462.04abc	40.83abc	40.51bc	7647.15abc
	N₁₄F₄	467.98a	42.39a	41.81a	8290.91a

Effects of Different Types of Fertilizers and Nitrogen Levels on Nitrogen Utilization, Yield and Quality of Weak Gluten Wheat

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品种 Variety	处理 Treatment	蛋白质含量 Protein content (%)	湿面筋含量 Wet gluten content (%)	硬度指数 Hardness index	沉淀值 Sedimentation value (mL)	出粉率 Flour rate (%)
白湖麦1号BHM1	N₁₀F₁	11.16c	22.29d	52.14f	23.37c	63.60d
	N₁₀F₂	9.59f	19.30f	43.07h	17.70f	62.28e
	N₁₀F₃	9.88ef	19.61f	42.64h	18.23f	62.41e
	N₁₀F₄	10.05def	20.71ef	46.71g	18.80ef	63.39d
	N₁₂F₁	12.43b	24.31bc	51.15b	26.67b	65.34c
	N₁₂F₂	10.23de	20.32f	46.13g	20.73de	63.70d
	N₁₂F₃	10.47d	20.63ef	46.51g	21.50cd	64.21d
	N₁₂F₄	11.52c	23.03cd	53.18ef	23.57c	65.44c
	N₁₄F₁	13.42a	26.12a	58.09a	31.67a	66.90a
	N₁₄F₂	11.34c	21.88de	48.00e	23.47c	66.55ab
	N₁₄F₃	11.62c	23.92c	49.25d	23.90c	66.57ab
	N₁₄F₄	12.56b	25.30ab	50.75c	26.30b	65.82bc
扬麦20 YM20	N₁₀F₁	11.27d	21.90d	40.29de	24.20g	63.10cd
	N₁₀F₂	10.07e	19.48e	36.09f	21.10h	61.25d
	N₁₀F₃	10.12e	19.60e	36.65ef	21.40h	61.81d
	N₁₀F₄	11.06de	20.48de	37.50ef	23.47g	62.92cd
	N₁₂F₁	12.72bc	25.61c	47.57c	27.95e	65.06abc
	N₁₂F₂	11.39d	20.83de	38.01ef	24.25g	64.10bc
	N₁₂F₃	11.43d	21.89d	39.92def	25.60f	64.17bc
	N₁₂F₄	12.50c	25.72c	43.26d	26.95e	64.80abc
	N₁₄F₁	14.14a	32.51a	54.05a	40.15a	66.53a
	N₁₄F₂	12.48c	26.46c	48.61bc	29.55d	64.84abc
	N₁₄F₃	12.68bc	29.64b	50.66abc	34.95c	65.94ab
	N₁₄F₄	13.54ab	30.80ab	51.77ab	36.70b	66.13ab

品种 Variety	处理 Treatment	蛋白质含量 Protein content (%)	湿面筋含量 Wet gluten content (%)	硬度指数 Hardness index	沉淀值 Sedimentation value (mL)	出粉率 Flour rate (%)
白湖麦1号BHM1	N₁₀F₁	10.23e	21.34d	45.19ef	24.07e	65.37de
	N₁₀F₂	8.93g	18.17h	41.68f	19.77f	64.93e
	N₁₀F₃	9.29fg	19.27fg	42.12f	22.80e	64.90e
	N₁₀F₄	9.38f	19.92ef	45.10ef	23.13e	65.33de
	N₁₂F₁	11.74c	22.16c	51.18bc	27.47bcd	66.33bc
	N₁₂F₂	10.05e	18.90g	46.35de	22.70e	65.37de
	N₁₂F₃	10.67d	19.91ef	49.43cd	24.57de	65.90cd
	N₁₂F₄	10.86d	20.37e	51.04bc	25.77cde	66.13bc
	N₁₄F₁	13.32a	23.72a	56.91a	32.00a	67.03a
	N₁₄F₂	11.69c	19.27fg	51.42bc	28.00bc	66.37bc
	N₁₄F₃	12.23b	22.74bc	53.79ab	29.47ab	66.47bc
	N₁₄F₄	12.43b	23.00b	56.39a	30.50ab	66.57ab
扬麦20 YM20	N₁₀F₁	10.33f	23.23cd	53.01cde	23.17de	63.93cd
	N₁₀F₂	9.89g	19.58h	46.39e	21.90e	63.03d
	N₁₀F₃	9.98g	20.80g	47.46de	21.87e	63.20d
	N₁₀F₄	10.14fg	21.52f	51.90cde	23.03de	63.90cd
	N₁₂F₁	11.32d	24.59b	54.38cd	27.37bc	65.53ab
	N₁₂F₂	10.44ef	21.69f	49.25cde	25.07cd	64.73bc
	N₁₂F₃	10.73e	22.35e	50.23cde	25.43c	64.77bc
	N₁₂F₄	11.13d	23.17cd	53.77cd	25.73c	65.50ab
	N₁₄F₁	13.97a	26.13a	64.08a	31.30a	66.13a
	N₁₄F₂	12.17c	22.83de	54.65cd	26.10bc	65.57ab
	N₁₄F₃	12.12c	23.74c	56.45bc	28.10b	65.70ab
	N₁₄F₄	12.92b	25.79a	61.69ab	30.60a	66.07a

品种 Variety	处理 Treatment	吸水率 Absorption (%)	形成时间 Development time (min)	稳定时间 Stability time (min)	弱化度 Degree of softening (FU)	粉质质量指数 Farinograph quality number
白湖麦1号 BHM1	N₁₀F₁	56.30d	1.94cd	2.20cde	118.00b	23.33e
	N₁₀F₂	53.90g	1.79d	1.76e	138.67a	20.33f
	N₁₀F₃	53.97g	1.89d	1.83de	124.33b	22.67e
	N₁₀F₄	54.73f	1.93cd	1.86de	118.67b	23.00e
	N₁₂F₁	58.37b	2.47b	2.79b	93.00de	27.67b
	N₁₂F₂	55.47e	1.98bcd	1.94de	108.67c	24.00e
	N₁₂F₃	55.13ef	2.05bcd	1.93de	106.67c	26.00bcd
	N₁₂F₄	55.80de	2.43bc	2.40bcd	104.67c	27.33bc
	N₁₄F₁	61.03a	3.48a	4.03a	88.00e	29.67a
	N₁₄F₂	56.43d	2.12bcd	2.61bc	103.67c	25.67d
	N₁₄F₃	57.13c	2.26bcd	2.76bc	100.33cd	27.67b
	N₁₄F₄	58.77b	3.33a	3.79a	92.00e	28.00bcd
扬麦20 YM20	N₁₀F₁	56.13b	2.24efg	2.10fg	107.00a	20.50f
	N₁₀F₂	54.40d	1.85g	2.00g	113.67a	18.33g
	N₁₀F₃	54.47d	1.98fg	1.90g	111.00a	18.50g
	N₁₀F₄	55.23c	2.16efg	2.00g	108.00a	20.50f
	N₁₂F₁	56.13b	2.78cd	2.60de	86.33b	27.00d
	N₁₂F₂	55.73bc	2.41e	1.90g	96.00b	23.00e
	N₁₂F₃	55.23c	2.49de	2.00g	95.67b	24.50e
	N₁₂F₄	56.00b	2.94c	2.40ef	93.33b	26.50d
	N₁₄F₁	57.40a	4.28a	5.10a	67.33c	35.50a
	N₁₄F₂	56.23b	2.86c	2.80d	85.67b	28.00d
	N₁₄F₃	56.20b	2.90c	4.40c	86.67b	30.50c
	N₁₄F₄	57.13a	3.51b	5.20b	70.00c	32.50b

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