Scientia Agricultura Sinica ›› 2025, Vol. 58 ›› Issue (16): 3245-3255.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.16.008

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• SPECIAL FOCUS: NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT FOR ANNUAL RICE-RAPESEED ROTATION • Previous Articles     Next Articles

Characteristics of Potassium Utilization and Crop Yield Formation in Rice-Rapeseed Rotation System Under Different Potassium Fertilizer Application Rates

GAO ZiYi1(), WU HaiYa2, LIU JunQuan2, CUI Xin1, LIU AiHua1, FANG YaTing1, REN Tao1, LI XiaoKun1,*(), LU JianWei1   

  1. 1 College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University/Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Microelement Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070
    2 Bureau of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuxue City, Huanggang 435401, Hubei
  • Received:2025-04-14 Accepted:2025-05-28 Online:2025-08-11 Published:2025-08-11
  • Contact: LI XiaoKun

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Abstract:

【Objective】The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of potassium (K) fertilizer application rates on crop productivity, K utilization, and apparent K balance under the rice-rapeseed rotation system in the Yangtze River Basin, so as to provide a scientific basis for the rational application and distribution of potassium fertilizer in the rice-rapeseed rotation system.【Method】A field experiment was carried out from 2016 in Wuxue City, Hubei Province, China. Five treatments were set up with 0 (K0), 60 (K60), 120 (K120), 180 (K180) and 240 (K240) kg K2O·hm-2, respectively. The crop yield, K uptake, K fertilizer utilization and apparent K balance were studied from 2016 to 2024.【Result】K fertilization significantly increased crop yield and aboveground K uptake, with the increase in rapeseed yield and aboveground K uptake being greater than that of rice. Compared with K0, K application significantly increased rice and rapeseed yield by 18.1%-32.7% and 46.7%-93.1%, respectively, and K uptake by 72.3%-240.1% and 124.6%-512.2%, respectively. K fertilization significantly reduced yield stability index of rapeseed yield by 24.2%-41.2%, and markedly increased yield sustainability index (SYI) by 23.2%-45.7%. The yield stability index of rice yield across all treatments was lower than that of rapeseed, and SYI was comparatively higher. The annual energy yield under the K0 treatment exhibited a progressive decline with each successive year of crop rotation. The increase in rapeseed yield was primarily attributed to an increase in pod number and seed number, whereas in rice, it was mainly due to an increase in effective panicles and filled grains per panicle. As the K fertilizer application rates increased, the proportion of K uptake in rapeseed within the annual system rose, with the average K uptake ratio between rice and rapeseed being 3:2. The agronomy efficiency and the recovery efficiency of K fertilizer in rice were on average 4.5 kg·kg-1 and 2.5 percentage points higher than those in rapeseed, respectively. Conversely, the K fertilizer dependency of rapeseed was 11.6 percentage points higher than that of rice. K application shifted the annual K apparent balance from deficit to surplus. When the K fertilizer application rate increased to 180 kg K2O·hm-2 during the rice season, the K balance transitioned from deficit to surplus, while in the rapeseed season, 60 kg K2O·hm-2 was required to achieve surplus. Fitting with a linear-plus-plateau model, the optimal K fertilizer application rates were determined to be 102 kg K2O·hm-2 for the rice season and 147 kg K2O·hm-2 for the rapeseed season. 【Conclusion】In summary, the application of potassium fertilizer increased the yield of rapeseed better than that of rice. The recommended annual potassium fertilizer application rate for the rice-rapeseed rotation system was 250 kg K2O·hm-2, with the fertilization ratio between the rice season and the rapeseed season being approximately 2:3.

Key words: rice-rapeseed rotation, yield, potassium uptake, potassium fertilizer utilization, apparent potassium balance, linear-plus- plateau model

Fig. 1

Optimum potassium fertilizer application rates under rice-rapeseed rotation The blue and red data represent yield stability index and yield sustainability index (average value for 8 years), respectively. Values followed by different letters in the same row indicate significant differences between treatments at 0.05 level"

Fig. 2

Effects of potassium fertilizer application rates on energy yield of rice-rapeseed rotation system K0, K60, K120, K180, K240 indicate K fertilization application rates 0, 60, 120, 180, 240 kg K2O·hm-2, respectively. The data are presented as the means ± standard deviation of three replicates. The different lowercase letters indicate significant difference between treatments at 0.05 level. ** and *** indicate significant differences at P<0.01 and P<0.001 levels, respectively. The same as below"

Table 1

Effects of potassium fertilizer application rates on yield components of rice and rapeseed (average value for 8 years)"

处理
Treatment		 水稻 Rice 油菜 Rapeseed
有效穗数
No. of effective panicles (×104·hm-2)		 每穗实粒数
No. of filled grains per panicle		 千粒重
1000-grain weight
(g)		 单株角果数
Pod number
(No./plant)		 每角粒数
Seed number
(No./pod)		 千粒重
1000-seed weight
(g)
K0 237.2±0.2b 111.7±1.0c 23.45±0.37c 152.2±6.6c 16.1±0.8c 4.01±0.29a
K60 241.8±8.6b 128.9±3.7b 24.30±0.11b 174.7±10.5c 19.6±1.4b 4.06±0.10a
K120 260.4±6.6a 139.7±2.3a 24.62±0.28ab 228.9±24.9b 20.6±1.6ab 3.86±0.20ab
K180 268.5±5.5a 143.8±3.2a 24.84±0.21a 311.2±32.9a 21.7±0.7a 3.75±0.10ab
K240 265.9±15.8a 139.4±2.1a 24.36±0.06b 302.7±35.1a 21.9±0.8a 3.66±0.04b
AVONA
钾肥用量
Potassium rate (K)		 10.39*** 74.24*** 31.33*** 104.17*** 37.39*** 8.78***
年份Year (Y) 24.54*** 23.42*** 79.91*** 70.19*** 46.40*** 387.99***
K×Y 0.94 ns 2.05** 0.81 ns 2.21** 1.97* 1.96*

Fig. 3

Potassium uptake and distribution of rice-rapeseed rotation system under different potassium application rates Values in the columns indicate the percentage of rice K2O uptake in the annual rice-rapeseed system. The different lowercase letters indicate significant difference in annual K2O uptake between treatments at 0.05 level"

Table 2

Potassium fertilizer use efficiency of rice and rapeseed (average value for 8 years)"

处理
Treatment		 水稻 Rice 油菜 Rapeseed
农学效率
Agronomy efficiency (kg·kg-1)		 回收利用率
Recovery
efficiency (%)		 肥料依赖性
Fertilizer dependency (%)		 农学效率
Agronomy
efficiency (kg·kg-1)		 回收利用率
Recovery
efficiency (%)		 肥料依赖性
Fertilizer dependency (%)
K0 — — — — — —
K60 17.2 62.7 53.6 10.4 53.7 69.9
K120 13.3 64.2 69.8 8.1 56.7 82.3
K180 10.2 58.5 77.6 6.9 61.6 87.4
K240 7.8 51.9 82.2 5.1 55.2 90.3
平均 Average 12.1 59.3 70.8 7.6 56.8 82.4

Table 3

Effects of potassium fertilizer application rates on the apparent potassium balance (average value for 8 years)"

处理 Treatment 水稻 Rice (kg K2O·hm-2) 油菜 Rapeseed (kg K2O·hm-2) 周年 Annual (kg K2O·hm-2)
K0 -52.0±5.2 -25.9±0.9 -77.9±4.4
K60 -29.7±1.3 1.9±0.4 -27.8±1.6
K120 -9.0±5.0 26.0±3.5 17.0±7.0
K180 22.6±7.1 43.3±7.5 65.9±14.5
K240 63.4±6.4 81.5±3.6 145.0±8.5

Fig. 4

Annual K apparent balance of rice-rapeseed rotation system under different potassium treatments"

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