氮素穗肥对南方香粳稻南粳9108产量、品质和香气的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.12.004

Abstract

Abstract:

【Objective】Nitrogen panicle fertilizer is one of the key factors affecting rice yield and quality. Studying its impact on the yield, quality, and aroma of aromatic japonica rice in southern China could provide a theoretical basis for high-yield and high-quality cultivation of southern japonica rice. 【Method】 Conducted from 2022 to 2023, this study used Nanjing 9108, a representative variety of aromatic japonica rice in southern China, as the material, and three nitrogen application modes were set up: no nitrogen fertilizer (N0), no panicle fertilizer (N1), and conventional application of panicle fertilizer (N2, with 70% base and tillering fertilizer + 30% panicle fertilizer). In addition, the experiment of applying ear fertilizer at different leaf age stages, including the top sixth leaf, fifth leaf, fourth leaf, third leaf, second leaf and first leaf just after emerging from the sheath (designated as L6, L5, L4, L3, L2, and L1), was conducted to study the synergistic regulation mechanism of nitrogen panicle fertilizer on yield, quality, and aroma of Nanjing 9108.【Result】Compared with no nitrogen fertilizer application and no panicle fertilizer application, the application of panicle fertilizer could significantly increase the effective panicle number per unit area and grains per panicle of aromatic japonica rice, thereby enhancing its yield. As the period of panicle fertilizer application was delayed, the yield first increased and then decreased, reaching a maximum at the treatment of applying fertilizer at the fourth leaf from the top (counted downwards from the flag leaf). The application of panicle fertilizer improved rice processing quality, appearance quality, and aroma quality. The period of panicle fertilizer application had an impact on these qualities of aromatic japonica rice. With the delay in the period of panicle fertilizer application, the milled rice rate of Nanjing 9108 showed an increasing trend, but the chalkiness degree increased, leading to a deterioration in appearance quality. Simultaneously, the amylose content decreased while the protein content increased, resulting in a decline in taste value and eating quality. The content of 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (2-AP), as the main component of aroma, also decreased with the delay in the period of panicle fertilizer application. The application of panicle fertilizer significantly increased the proline content and proline dehydrogenase activity in grains. Advancing the period of panicle fertilizer application had a significant promoting effect on proline accumulation during the rice filling stage, and proline dehydrogenase activity also increased, which was conducive to maintaining higher proline content and proline dehydrogenase activity in grains during the maturity stage, thereby promoting the synthesis of 2-AP in rice grains. Based on a comprehensive evaluation of the effects of panicle fertilizer application period using indicators, such as actual yield, milled rice rate, chalkiness degree, taste value, and grain 2-AP content, it was found that the treatment of applying fertilizer at the fourth leaf from the top had the highest comprehensive score. 【Conclusion】Under the experimental conditions of this study, the application of panicle fertilizer contributed to the synergistic improvement of yield and quality. On the basis of ensuring stable yield, the application of panicle fertilizer at the fourth leaf from the top achieved the best overall benefits in terms of yield, taste, and aroma.

Key words: nitrogen panicle fertilizer, fragrant japonica rice, yield, quality, aroma

WANG RuiZhi, LI Tao, QIAN XiangLing, ZHANG Ya, YANG XiaoZhuo, LI GuangYan, WEI HaiYan, ZHANG HongCheng, LIU GuoDong. Effects of Nitrogen Panicle Fertilizer on Yield, Quality and Aroma of Southern Japonica Rice Nanjing 9108[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2025, 58(12): 2316-2332.

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处理 Treatment		总施氮量 Total nitrogen (kg·hm^-2)	施氮量Nitrogen application			施穗肥倒数叶龄数Reciprocal leaf age of panicle fertilizer
处理 Treatment		总施氮量 Total nitrogen (kg·hm^-2)	基肥 Base fertilizer (kg·hm^-2)	分蘖肥 Tiller fertilizer (kg·hm^-2)	穗肥 Panicle fertilizer (kg·hm^-2)	施穗肥倒数叶龄数Reciprocal leaf age of panicle fertilizer
氮素穗肥 Nitrogen panicle fertilizer	N0	0	0	0	0	-
	N1	189	94.5	94.5	0	-
	N2	270	94.5	94.5	81	4
穗肥施用时期 Panicle fertilizer application period	L6	270	94.5	94.5	81	6
	L5	270	94.5	94.5	81	5
	L4	270	94.5	94.5	81	4
	L3	270	94.5	94.5	81	3
	L2	270	94.5	94.5	81	2
	L1	270	94.5	94.5	81	1

水稻产量品质香气综合评价指标 Comprehensive evaluation indexes of rice yield, quality and aroma (Z)	产量 Yield（C1）	品质 Quality（C2）	香气 Aroma（C3）
产量Yield（C1）	1	1	3
品质Quality（C2）	1	1	3
香气Aroma（C3）	1/3	1/3	1

品质 Quality（C2）	整精米率 Head rice rate（X2）	垩白度 Chalkiness degree（X3）	食味值 Taste value（X4）
整精米率Head rice rate（X2）	1	1/3	1/5
垩白度Chalkiness degree（X3）	3	1	1/3
食味值Taste value（X4）	5	3	1

层次C对最高层Z Level C corresponds to the highest level Z	产量 Yield	品质 Quality			香气 Aroma
层次C对最高层Z Level C corresponds to the highest level Z	0.429	0.429			0.143
层次X对中间层C Level X corresponds to the middle level C	实产 Yield	整精米率 Head rice rate	垩白度 Chalkiness degree	食味值 Taste value	2-AP含量 2-AP content
层次X对中间层C Level X corresponds to the middle level C	1.000	0.106	0.260	0.633	1.000
层次X对最高层Z Level X corresponds to the highest level Z	0.429	0.045	0.111	0.272	0.143

年份 Year	处理 Treatment		穗数 Panicle number (×10⁴·hm^-2)	每穗粒数 Grains per panicle	结实率 Filled grain percentage (%)	千粒重 1000-grain weight (g)	产量 Yield (t·hm^-2)
2022	氮素穗肥 Nitrogen panicle fertilizer	N0	225.85±5.87c	105.16±0.23c	96.01±0.70a	26.83±0.04a	6.12±0.18c
		N1	305.04±12.15b	109.21±0.29b	95.13±0.18b	25.78±0.04b	8.17±0.03b
		N2	340.89±7.70a	137.06±4.08a	93.44±6.68c	25.08±0.31c	10.95±0.34a
	穗肥施用时期 Panicle fertilizer application period	L6	344.94±5.79a	118.99±0.81e	92.54±0.58f	24.82±0.02e	9.43±0.33e
		L5	342.65±1.83b	120.08±1.09d	93.08±1.08e	24.98±0.04d	9.57±0.53d
		L4	340.89±7.70a	137.06±4.08a	93.44±6.68c	25.08±0.31c	10.95±0.34a
		L3	338.95±2.84c	132.27±3.56b	94.03±3.56c	25.38±0.22b	10.70±0.16b
		L2	329.89±7.90d	126.33±1.82c	94.49±1.81b	25.43±0.39b	10.01±0.68c
		L1	319.41±11.86e	125.98±7.94c	95.06±0.79a	25.51±0.65a	9.76±0.45d
2023	氮素穗肥 Nitrogen panicle fertilizer	N0	215.29±5.89c	112.67±3.77b	94.73±0.06a	26.31±0.01a	5.46±0.14c
		N1	290.29±1.96b	120.08±2.24a	92.69±0.38a	26.09±0.01a	8.17±0.07b
		N2	328.54±6.62a	146.4±1.7a	91.78±0.05b	24.58±0.07b	10.59±0.02a
	穗肥施用时期 Panicle fertilizer application period	L6	343.65±0.98a	125.91±0.64d	91.65±0.66a	23.67±0.13f	9.3±0.03d
		L5	339.08±0.29b	128.00±1.09d	91.90±0.95a	23.77±0.06e	9.59±0.01c
		L4	328.54±6.62b	146.40±1.70a	91.78±0.05a	24.58±0.07d	10.59±0.02a
		L3	317.70±4.82c	141.43±2.16b	92.02±0.08a	24.71±0.06c	10.18±0.02b
		L2	306.86±2.43d	134.92±0.67c	92.35±0.20a	25.29±0.06b	9.66±0.02c
		L1	305.29±0.54d	128.64±1.29d	92.49±0.63a	25.40±0.03a	8.97±0.18e
方差分析 ANOVA		产量 Yield	**	**	**	**	**
		处理Treatment	**	**	**	**	**
		产量×处理 Yield×Treatment	**	*	*	**	**

Effects of Nitrogen Panicle Fertilizer on Yield, Quality and Aroma of Southern Japonica Rice Nanjing 9108

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年份 Year	处理 Treatment		整精米率 Head rice rate (%)	垩白度 Chalkiness degree (%)
2022	氮素穗肥 Nitrogen panicle fertilizer	N0	57.99±0.04a	18.70±0.05a
		N1	58.13±0.03a	18.40±0.17a
		N2	62.31±0.03b	15.07±0.13b
	穗肥施用时期 Panicle fertilizer application period	L6	59.57±0.02a	13.94±0.09d
		L5	61.33±0.04a	14.37±0.16d
		L4	62.31±0.03a	15.07±0.13c
		L3	62.46±0.01a	16.56±0.59b
		L2	63.11±0.04a	17.20±0.05b
		L1	64.86±0.01a	18.18±0.23a
2023	氮素穗肥 Nitrogen panicle fertilizer	N0	54.37±0.33c	10.96±0.36a
		N1	55.72±0.54b	10.31±0.76a
		N2	58.76±2.07a	7.98±0.16b
	穗肥施用时期 Panicle fertilizer application period	L6	57.50±0.55b	7.06±0.70c
		L5	58.30±0.51ab	7.85±0.21b
		L4	58.76±2.07ab	7.98±0.16b
		L3	59.14±0.46ab	8.50±0.15b
		L2	59.88±0.20ab	9.26±0.31a
		L1	60.59±0.36a	9.8±0.20a
方差分析 ANOVA		产量 Yield	**	**
		处理Treatment	**	**
		产量×处理 Yield×Treatment	ns	**

年份 Year	处理 Treatment		食味值 Taste value	直链淀粉含量 AC (%)	蛋白质含量PC (%)
2022	氮素穗肥 Nitrogen panicle fertilizer	N0	86.7±1.29a	10.62±0.13a	6.29±0.12c
		N1	85.3±0.85a	10.42±0.17ab	6.43±0.01b
		N2	82.7±1.07b	9.78±0.55b	6.86±0.29a
	穗肥施用时期 Panicle fertilizer application period	L6	84.4±0.15a	10.00±0.75a	6.48±0.07e
		L5	84.3±1.32a	9.84±0.69a	6.68±0.39d
		L4	82.7±1.07ab	9.78±0.55a	6.86±0.02c
		L3	79.8±0.12bc	9.64±0.24a	7.10±0.13b
		L2	78.3±0.38c	9.44±0.13a	7.22±0.07ab
		L1	74.1±4.20d	9.36±0.17a	7.29±0.23a
2023	氮素穗肥 Nitrogen panicle fertilizer	N0	86.1±0.28a	10.66±0.13a	6.45±0.04e
		N1	85.6±0.35b	10.43±0.07b	6.76±0.01de
		N2	80.2±0.42c	9.83±0.14c	7.34±0.14bc
	穗肥施用时期 Panicle fertilizer application period	L6	82.3±0.42a	10.15±0.08a	7.06±0.13f
		L5	81.0±0.21b	9.96±0.10ab	7.12±0.10e
		L4	80.2±0.42c	9.83±0.14b	7.34±0.14d
		L3	78.2±0.71d	9.76±0.24bc	7.52±0.11c
		L2	76.8±0.49e	9.53±0.25cd	7.77±0.09b
		L1	75.4±0.57f	9.41±0.06d	7.86±0.11a
方差分析 ANOVA		产量 Yield	**	ns	**
		处理Treatment	**	**	**
		产量×处理 Yield×Treatment	*	ns	*

处理 Treatment		脯氨酸含量 Pro (μg·g^-1 FW)	脯氨酸脱氢酶活性 ProDH (U·g^-1 FW)	谷氨酸含量 Glu (μg·g^-1 FW)	吡咯啉-5-羧酸合成酶活性 P5CS (μmol·h^-1·g^-1 FW)	鸟氨酸转氨酶活性 OAT (nmol·min^-1·g^-1 FW)
氮素穗肥 Nitrogen panicle fertilizer	N0	26.18±0.34b	300.04±1.41b	2137.19±6.68b	69.48±2.95b	148.96±3.56b
	N1	26.40±0.55b	305.31±9.33b	2161.54±9.03ab	77.30±6.58b	161.56±4.65ab
	N2	27.61±0.07a	345.18±2.25a	2201.07±2.84a	87.76±3.15a	172.30±1.57a
穗肥施用时期 Panicle fertilizer application period	L6	28.91±0.53a	370.71±1.66a	2183.09±3.65a	80.00±3.62b	164.78±1.38c
	L5	28.08±0.7ab	355.76±2.99ab	2199.68±7.29a	83.43±1.68ab	167.69±1.91bc
	L4	27.61±0.07b	345.18±2.25abc	2201.07±2.84a	87.76±3.15a	172.30±1.57abc
	L3	27.44±0.51b	336.50±1.33abc	2198.65±3.63a	86.84±2.81a	179.96±2.01abc
	L2	27.02±0.96b	328.81±4.40bc	2186.50±7.78a	82.47±3.26ab	185.86±5.28ab
	L1	26.91±0.6b	314.06±2.88c	2185.97±1.05a	80.00±4.55b	187.55±9.94a

年份 Year	处理 Treatment		综合评分 Score (%)
2022	氮素穗肥 Nitrogen panicle fertilizer	N0	71.55c
		N1	79.58b
		N2	95.66a
	穗肥施用时期 Panicle fertilizer application period	L6	93.14b
		L5	92.58c
		L4	95.66a
		L3	92.01c
		L2	86.24d
		L1	82.99e
2023	氮素穗肥 Nitrogen panicle fertilizer	N0	69.78c
		N1	80.12b
		N2	94.44a
	穗肥施用时期 Panicle fertilizer application period	L6	92.84b
		L5	91.65c
		L4	94.44a
		L3	89.85d
		L2	84.10e
		L1	80.93f

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