小麦玉米间作氮肥后移利于减少土壤蒸发提高水分利用效率

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.07.007

Abstract

Abstract:

【Objective】Aiming at the problem of insufficient excavation of the potential of efficient water utilization of wheat-maize intercropping in the oasis irrigation area, which restricted the stable development of multi-maturing cultivation, this study was intended to provide the theoretical basis for the creation of a model of efficient water utilization of wheat-maize intercropping in the oasis irrigation area by investigating the effects of different nitrogen fertilizer postponing application on water consumption characteristics and water utilization of wheat-maize intercropping.【Method】The experiment was carried out in the oasis agricultural comprehensive experimental station of Gansu Agricultural University from 2020 to 2021. Three planting patterns of wheat-maize intercropping, monocropping wheat and monocropping maize were set up. Four treatments application systems were set up for maize: no nitrogen application (N0), 20% nitrogen fertilizer postponing (N1), 10% nitrogen fertilizer postponing (N2), and traditional nitrogen fertilizer without postponing (N3). The total nitrogen application rates of intercropping maize and monocropping maize were 210 and 360 kg·hm^-2, respectively. The effects of different planting systems and nitrogen fertilizer postponing ratios on soil evaporation, water consumption characteristics and water use of wheat and maize were studied.【Result】During wheat and maize independent growth stage, the intercropping tree evaporation was greater than that of monocropping, the intercropping wheat tree evaporation increased 15.9%-16.7% than that of monocropping wheat, and the intercropping maize tree evaporation increased 5.4%-14.7% than that of monocropping maize, while wheat and maize symbiosis of intercropping tree evaporation compared with the monocropping weighted reduction of 4.6%-6.1%; the total amount of evaporation during the whole life cycle tree performance: wheat maize in the intercropping mode, intertree evaporation was reduced by 6.5% in the 20% N fertilization setback treatment compared with N3, and intertree evaporation in the wheat belt increased by 12.6%-17.3% compared with that in the maize belt, which was the main source of intertree evaporation in the intercropping system. In the intercropping system, water consumption was 34.3 and 18.9 mm lower than that of traditional N application under the 20% and 10% N fertilizer setback treatments, respectively, but the difference between E/ET and traditional N application was not significant. The seed yield of intercropping system was increased by 21.1%-39.0% compared with the weighted average of monocrop, and the seed yield of intercropping system with 20% N fertilizer setback treatment was increased by 28.8% compared with the traditional N application, among which the intercropped wheat and intercropped maize with 20% N fertilizer setback treatments were increased by 24.3% and 30.8%, respectively, compared with the traditional application of N. The water consumption during the whole growth period under intercropping system with 20% and 10% N fertilizer setback treatment was decreased by 34.3 and 18.9 mm that under traditional application of N, respectively. The E/ET of intercropping system with 20% N fertilization was increased by 20% than that under the traditional N application. The water use efficiency of intercropping planting pattern nitrogen fertilizer setback treatment was significantly increased by 15.0% and 12.3% than that under the weighted average of monocrops; among which the nitrogen fertilizer setback 20% treatment was increased by 35.9% compared with the traditional nitrogen application, and the nitrogen fertilizer setback 10% treatment was increased by 19.3% compared with the traditional nitrogen application.【Conclusion】The wheat-maize intercropping pattern combined with 20% nitrogen fertilizer postponing could reduce soil evaporation and water consumption during the whole growth period, and increase yield and water productivity, which was a nitrogen application system that could be used for high-yield and high-efficiency production of wheat-maize intercropping in oasis irrigation areas.

Key words: intercropping, nitrogen fertilizer postponing application, soil evaporation, yield, water use efficiency

REN Qiang, XU Ke, FAN ZhiLong, YIN Wen, FAN Hong, HE Wei, HU FaLong, CHAI Qiang. Nitrogen Fertilizer Postponing Application Benefits Wheat-Maize Intercropping by Reducing Soil Evaporation and Improving Water Use Efficiency[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2024, 57(7): 1295-1307.

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种植模式 Cropping pattern	施氮水平 N fertilizer level	小麦独立生长期 Wheat independent growth period		麦玉共生期 Symbiotic period of wheat and maize		玉米独立生长期 Maize independent growth period		全生育期 Entire growing period
种植模式 Cropping pattern	施氮水平 N fertilizer level	2020	2021	2020	2021	2020	2021	2020	2021
W\|\|M	N0	67.6a	68.2a	217.4d	208.4cd	78.4a	69.3a	363.4a	345.8a
	N1	62.4b	63.2b	193.5g	188.6e	67.6de	60.2cd	323.4d	312.0c
	N2	62.8b	62.5b	202.1f	195.4e	68.9cd	63.2bc	333.9c	321.1c
	N3	63.0b	63.7b	209.1e	203.4d	74.8ab	65.7ab	347.0b	332.9b
M	N0	—	—	251.9a	230.3a	72.6bc	88.4a	324.5d	299.5d
	N1	—	—	222.5cd	212.9c	58.2f	72.5e	280.7g	266.1g
	N2	—	—	228.3c	220.7b	63.9e	79.3d	292.2f	279.0f
	N3	—	—	238.8b	227.3ab	67.9de	83.5bc	306.7e	289.8e
W	N0	57.5c	59.6c	156.6h	160.3f	—	—	214.2h	219.9h
W	Nw	52.4d	56.1d	138.6i	147.0g	—	—	191.0i	204.4i
显著性（P值） Significance (P value)
种植模式 Cropping pattern (C)		0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000
施氮水平 N fertilizer level (N)		0.002	0.019	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000
种植模式×施氮水平 C×N		0.452	0.842	0.108	0.696	0.479	0.218	0.025	0.070

种植模式 Cropping pattern	施氮水平 N fertilizer level	播前贮水量 Soil water storage before sowing		收后贮水量 Soil water storage after harvest		总耗水量 Total water consumption
种植模式 Cropping pattern	施氮水平 N fertilizer level	2020	2021	2020	2021	2020	2021
W\|\|M	N0	272.8b	267.6b	242.5e	242.3cd	643.3ab	672.6a
	N1	276.9b	268.9b	261.1bcd	273.0a	628.8bcd	643.3bc
	N2	281.4b	269.9b	256.9abcd	252.0bc	637.5abc	665.1ab
	N3	287.9b	275.9b	247.8de	231.7d	653.1a	687.4a
M	N0	318.3a	325.0a	247.0de	263.7ab	609.3de	621.6cd
	N1	326.6a	320.7a	278.4a	273.8a	586.2f	607.1d
	N2	326.1a	319.4a	260.7bcd	267.0ab	603.4ef	612.6d
	N3	331.2a	323.1a	251.4cde	253.1bc	617.8cde	630.2cd
W	N0	284.5b	269.8b	272.8ab	267.5bc	331.2h	379.6f
W	Nw	277.2b	273.8b	265.5abc	234.9cd	354.7g	416.2e
显著性（P值） Significance (P value)
种植模式 Cropping pattern (C)		0.000	0.000	0.008	0.001	0.000	0.000
施氮水平 N fertilizer level (N)		0.135	0.896	0.006	0.002	0.037	0.017
种植模式×施氮水平 C×N		0.615	0.930	0.011	0.000	0.036	0.007

种植模式 Cropping pattern	施氮水平 N fertilizer level	小麦产量 Wheat yield (kg·hm^-2)		玉米产量 Maize yield (kg·hm^-2)		系统产量 Compound (kg·hm^-2)
种植模式 Cropping pattern	施氮水平 N fertilizer level	2020	2021	2020	2021	2020	2021
W\|\|M	N0	3040.1e	2858.7e	7420.5g	7229.3h	10460.6e	10087.9d
	N1	4632.0bc	4959.0bc	11336.6cd	11382.3d	15968.6a	16341.3a
	N2	4390.8cd	4374.9c	10169.8e	10092.0f	14560.7b	14466.9b
	N3	4028.0d	3690.2d	8757.2f	8613.6g	12785.2c	12303.8c
M	N0	－	—	10915.9de	10753.9e	10915.9e	10753.9d
	N1	－	—	15092.4a	15137.1a	15092.4b	15137.1b
	N2	－	—	13162.1b	12903.7b	13162.1c	12903.7c
	N3	－	—	12015.3c	12125.0c	12015.3d	12125.0c
W	N0	5121.8b	5087.2b	－	－	5121.8g	5087.2f
W	Nw	6806.4a	6949.3a	－	－	6806.4f	6949.3e
显著性（P值） Significance (P value)
种植模式 Cropping pattern (C)		0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000
施氮水平 N fertilizer level (N)		0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000
种植模式×施氮水平 C×N		0.942	0.552	0.532	0.089	0.000	0.000

Nitrogen Fertilizer Postponing Application Benefits Wheat-Maize Intercropping by Reducing Soil Evaporation and Improving Water Use Efficiency

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种植模式 Cropping pattern	氮水平 Nitrogen level	基肥 Base fertilizer (kg·hm^-2)	追肥Topdressing (kg·hm^-2)			后移比例 Postponed percentage (%)	总施氮量 Total fertilizer (kg·hm^-2)
种植模式 Cropping pattern	氮水平 Nitrogen level	基肥 Base fertilizer (kg·hm^-2)	拔节期 Jointing	大喇叭口期 Pre-tasseling	开花后15 d 15 d after flowering	后移比例 Postponed percentage (%)	总施氮量 Total fertilizer (kg·hm^-2)
W	Nw	108	0	72	0	—	180
W\|\|M	Nw	46	0	30	0	—	76
M	N1	72	36	144	108	20	360
	N2	72	72	144	72	10	360
	N3	72	108	144	36	0	360
W\|\|M	N1	42	21	83	63	20	210
	N2	42	42	83	42	10	210
	N3	42	63	83	21	0	210

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