施氮量对谷子产量、氮素利用及小米品质的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.02.007

Abstract

Abstract:

【Objective】 To provide the theoretical basis for rational nitrogen (N) application and promoting high yield and high quality of foxtail millet (Setaria italica (L.) Beauv.), this study aimed to clarify the effects of different N application rates on plant N utilization characteristics, grain yield and grain quality of foxtail millet. 【Method】 To investigate the effects of different N application levels on plant N accumulation, transfer and utilization characteristics, grain yield and its components, grain micronutrients content and pasting properties, a 2-year field experiment (2020-2021) was performed with different N fertilization application at four levels (0, 75, 120, and 150 kg·hm^-2, represented as N0, N75, N120, and N150, respectively) in the Qinxian County of Shanxi Province, located in the spring sowing region of China.【Result】 Compared with N0, N application increased panicle number per unit area at harvest, grain number per panicle and plant productivity of foxtail millet. N application also significantly enhanced N translocation and promoted the distribution of both dry matter and N in grains. As a consequence, an enhanced grain yield was obtained when subjected to N application. Further, among all treatments, the highest values of panicle number per unit area at harvest, grain number per panicle, both grain yield and biomass, harvest index, total N accumulation and N translocation efficiency were obtained when 75 kg·hm^-2 was supplied; compared with the values produced by N0, the increased rate reached 7.5%, 23.3%, 31.0%, 21.2%, 8.6%, 40.3% and 9.2% by N75, respectively. Compared with N0 treatment, the content of Fe, Zn, Ca, Mg and Se in foxtail millet grains under N75 treatment were increased by 37.3%, 43.6%, 56.0%, 30.5% and 16.9% at most, respectively. Excessive N application (N 150) decreased grain number, harvest index and N translocation efficiency compared with N75 treatment. More than 75 kg·hm^-2 application resulted in diminished N translocation efficiency, by 23.1% and 28.1%, in 2020 and 2021, respectively. The content of amylopectin and starch yield were also limited by excessive N. Over-use N fertilizer also significantly decreased final viscosity, setback and trough viscosity. Pearson correlation coefficients demonstrated a strong positive relationship between plant N accumulation and the content of Fe, Zn, Ca, Mg and Se in foxtail millet grains, and a significant negative relationship between plant N accumulation and the content of amylopectin, final viscosity and trough viscosity in foxtail millet grains.【Conclusion】 The N application at 75-120 kg·hm^-2 could promoted the allocation of dry matter and N in grain, which was relative to the enhanced N transfer from vegetative organs to grains. Also the reasonable pasting properties and biofortification of beneficial trace elements of Fe, Zn, Ca, Mg and Se was produced by such N dose in this study area.

Key words: foxtail millet (Setaria italica (L.) Beauv.), nitrogen application rate, nitrogen utilization characteristics, grain yield, pasting properties, micronutrients

DONG ErWei, WANG Yuan, WANG JinSong, LIU QiuXia, HUANG XiaoLei, JIAO XiaoYan. Effects of Nitrogen Fertilization Levels on Grain Yield, Plant Nitrogen Utilization Characteristics and Grain Quality of Foxtail Millet[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2024, 57(2): 306-318.

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年份 Year	pH	有机质 Organic matter (g·kg^-1)	全氮 Total nitrogen (g·kg^-1)	速效磷 Olsen phosphorus (mg·kg^-1)	速效钾 Available potassium (mg·kg^-1)	有效铁 Available Fe (mg·kg^-1)	有效锌 Available Zn (mg·kg^-1)	交换钙 Available Ca (g·kg^-1)	交换镁 Available Mg (g·kg^-1)	有效硒 Available Se (μg·kg^-1)
2020	8.26	17.18	0.98	10.47	164.01	6.42	1.25	1.31	0.26	19.5
2021	8.33	11.28	0.99	11.83	184.47	6.28	1.18	1.29	0.28	19.8

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	产量 Grain yield (kg·hm^-2)	收获穗数 Spike number at harvest (×10⁴·hm^-2)	穗粒数 Grain number per panicle	千粒重 1000-grain weight (g)	地上部生物量 Biomass (kg·hm^-2)	收获指数 HI (%)
2020	N0	5403.3±81.0a	43.0±0.2a	4660.5±42.9a	2.63±0.05a	9883.5±84.3a	53.3±0.1b
	N75	6462.0±166.7b	44.7±0.3b	5583.4±135.1c	2.75±0.01b	11823.1±222.7b	57.9±0.4c
	N120	6184.8±180.0b	44.3±0.1b	5257.3±159.9c	2.71±0.03ab	12169.5±190.7b	52.0±0.9ab
	N150	6166.7±264.2b	44.7±0.1b	5046.6±105.5b	2.76±0.02b	12709.6±246.3c	49.7±1.7a
2021	N0	4660.0±13.3a	41.7±0.3a	4304.4±42.9a	2.60±0.02a	11497.9±51.7a	40.5±0.2a
	N75	6104.1±18.6c	44.8±0.1b	5309.0±54.0c	2.57±0.02a	13937.6±64.1c	43.8±0.2b
	N120	6005.9±16.9c	44.4±0.1b	5251.0±48.2c	2.60±0.03a	13885.0±108.5c	43.6±0.3b
	N150	5239.7±108.7b	44.6±0.2b	4488.8±24.0b	2.63±0.03a	12902.4±118.6b	41.2±0.6a

年代 Year	处理 Treatment	氮累积量 N accumulation (kg·hm^-2)	氮转运量 NT (kg·hm^-2)	氮转运率 NTE (%)	转运氮贡献率 NCE (%)	氮素收获指数 NHI (%)
2020	N0	125.6±3.0a	43.8±0.5a	59.8±0.5c	54.0±1.2b	64.7±0.9b
	N75	176.2±3.0b	65.2±1.3c	61.9±0.4d	60.4±1.2c	62.3±0.5a
	N120	163.1±2.0b	47.3±0.2b	50.5±0.2b	46.0±0.7a	63.1±0.5ab
	N150	163.6±2.9b	47.0±1.5ab	47.6±1.0a	46.0±1.4a	62.1±0.9ab
2021	N0	134.1±1.7a	48.1±1.2a	55.3±1.4b	64.9±0.7b	55.2±0.6b
	N75	173.9±2.8b	79.8±0.6b	60.4±0.6c	78.6±1.1d	58.4±0.7c
	N120	186.8±1.2c	78.0±1.0b	50.5±0.2b	73.2±1.2c	57.0±0.2c
	N150	172.2±4.1ab	50.2±1.7a	43.4±0.4a	58.4±0.4a	49.9±0.4a

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	氮利用率 NUE (%)	氮农学效率 NAE (kg·kg^-1)	氮表观回收率 NARR (%)
2020	N0	—	—	—
	N75	67.4±4.6b	19.9±1.6b	234.9±3.9c
	N120	31.3±6.4a	8.8±0.6a	136.0±3.6b
	N150	25.8±2.8a	7.3±1.6a	109.1±1.9a
2021	N0	—	—	—
	N75	53.1±5.4b	19.3±0.2b	231.8±3.8c
	N120	43.9±7.7a	11.6±0.1a	155.6±5.1b
	N150	25.4±3.0a	3.9±0.7a	114.8±2.8a

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	峰值黏度 Peak viscosity (BU)	最终黏度 Final viscosity (BU)	崩解值 Breakdown (BU)	回升值 Setback (BU)	峰谷黏度 Trough viscosity (BU)	糊化温度 Pasting temperature (℃)	开始糊化时间 Start pasting time (min)
2020	N0	260.7±3.2ab	498.0±6.1c	71.3±7.4a	349.0±8.1b	149.0±2.0b	78.1±0.8b	9.8±0.2b
	N75	270.0±0.6b	474.3±1.3b	73.0±2.3a	363.0±5.0b	111.3±5.7a	78.3±0.5b	9.7±0.2ab
	N120	252.3±6.8a	450.0±4.7a	72.0±7.6a	325.7±4.4a	124.3±2.9a	77.9±0.5b	9.6±0.2ab
	N150	251.7±6.7a	455.0±4.5a	69.7±3.0a	326.7±4.2a	128.3±4.4a	75.7±0.6a	9.2±0.1a
2021	N0	280.0±6.2a	535.7±4.3c	71.0±4.7b	386.3±4.8b	149.3±6.2b	79.6±1.1a	10.4±0.1b
	N75	271.3±5.3a	507.3±2.4b	68.7±6.8ab	358.7±3.0a	148.7±5.4b	79.4±1.1a	10.1±0.1a
	N120	272.7±6.9a	492.3±3.2a	68.7±2.3ab	366.0±2.1a	126.3±3.2a	79.5±0.5a	9.7±0.1a
	N150	263.3±3.8a	497.7±3.2ab	55.0±1.5a	362.3±1.3a	135.3±3.4ab	79.2±0.6a	10.1±0.1a

Effects of Nitrogen Fertilization Levels on Grain Yield, Plant Nitrogen Utilization Characteristics and Grain Quality of Foxtail Millet

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年份 Year	处理 Treatment	铁含量 Fe content (mg·kg^-1)	锌含量 Zn content (mg·kg^-1)	钙含量 Ca content (mg·kg^-1)	镁含量 Mg content (mg·kg^-1)	硒含量 Se content (μg·kg^-1)
2020	N0	22.50±0.51a	27.37±0.91a	192.36±6.01a	1156.78±19.12a	17.71±0.50a
	N75	29.67±0.59b	39.30±1.23b	300.03±0.58b	1490.15±33.01b	20.71±0.68c
	N120	28.79±0.87b	37.26±0.83b	310.60±6.11b	1545.52±15.36b	18.00±1.00b
	N150	31.19±1.18b	38.33±0.68b	309.44±4.82b	1582.47±46.78b	18.71±0.50b
2021	N0	25.69±0.55a	23.59±1.18a	182.76±5.15a	1221.27±25.93a	20.12±0.92a
	N75	35.26±0.07c	33.11±0.44b	283.24±3.88b	1563.22±10.63bc	21.29±0.78b
	N120	34.31±0.86c	33.49±0.57b	314.29±2.75c	1503.82±15.00b	21.63±0.88b
	N150	31.63±0.35b	34.55±0.62b	307.89±8.82c	1613.42±38.69c	20.12±0.92b

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