咸淡水轮灌对设施番茄光合特性及叶片超微结构的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.19.006

Abstract

Abstract:

【Objective】Revealing the mechanisms of saline-fresh water rotation irrigation that affected the leaf ultrastructure and photosynthetic characteristics of tomato plants was benefit to optimize the strategy of saline water irrigation of greenhouse tomatoes.【Method】In this paper, the local conventional tomato variety “Mingzhu” was used as the material to carry out a two-year trial of saline and fresh water irrigation in greenhouses in the southern Xinjiang region from 2022 to 2023. The four treatments consisted of rotation irrigation with four times saline-fresh water (W1), rotation irrigation with two times saline water and two times fresh water (W2), rotation irrigation with two times fresh water, four times saline water, and two times fresh water (W3), and freshwater irrigation as a control (CK). The three rotation patterns had the same amount of saline water and fresh water. The effects of saline and alkaline stress produced by saline and freshwater rotational irrigation on the ultrastructure, chlorophyll content, stomatal characteristics, gas exchange parameters, and yield of facility tomato leaves were mainly investigated.【Result】The results indicated that the saline-alkali stress introduced by saline water significantly reduced the gas exchange parameters of tomato leaves and water use efficiency at the leaf scale, and both stomatal and non-stomatal factors played a key role in limiting leaf gas exchange. Tomato leaves not only adapted quickly to salinity stress by reducing individual stomatal openings, but also improved gas exchange efficiency by regulating stomatal density and stomatal shape through long-term stomatal differentiation and development. Compared with the CK treatment, the stomatal density of the leaves under W1, W2, and W3 treatments increased by 22.8%, 43.0% and 13.8%, respectively, and the stomatal width was reduced by 54.6%, 77.8%, and 13.7%, respectively; under the influence of soil salinity stress, compared with CK treatment, the chloroplast granular lamellae structure was disrupted in tomato leaves under W1 and W2. Compared with CK, W1 and W2 decreased leaf chlorophyll content by 6.2% and 11.8%, net photosynthetic rate by 16.3% and 26.2%, and yield by 45.3% and 52.5%, and the maximum leaf area index was 20.8% and 27.5% lower than that in the same period of CK treatment, respectively. In contrast, W3 presented a relatively intact mesophyll cell structure and relatively high chlorophyll content and photosynthetic efficiency, W3 only increased the average single fruit weight by 6.5%, fruit diameter by 6.0% and the yield by 0.7%, with no significant differences compared with CK. 【Conclusion】By comprehensive analysis of physiological changes and yield of tomato, irrigation of saline water in the flowering and fruiting period-fruit expansion period of tomato, the other reproductive stages of freshwater irrigation, to mitigate the adverse effects of saline water irrigation on the growth of tomato, W3 treatment was recommended as a facility in the southern Xinjiang region of the synergistic use of saline-fresh water irrigation of tomato.

Key words: tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.), rotational irrigation with saline and fresh water, ultrastructure, photosynthesis, yield

XIN Lang, SONG JiaWen, FU YuanYuan, TANG MaoSong, JING LingKun, WANG XingPeng. Effects of Saline-Fresh Water Rotation Irrigation on Photosynthetic Characteristics and Leaf Ultrastructure of Tomato Plants in Greenhouse[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2024, 57(19): 3784-3798.

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土层深度 Soil depth (cm)	pH	钠离子Na⁺(mg·g^-1)	容重 Bulk density (g·cm^-3)	田间持水率 Water holding capacity (g·g^-1)
0-10	7.16	0.10	1.36	0.27
10-20	7.14	0.09	1.43	0.27
20-40	7.12	0.08	1.48	0.25
40-60	7.15	0.05	1.46	0.25
60-80	7.15	0.05	1.38	0.28

生育时期 Growth stage	灌水次数 Number of irrigation	CK	W1	W2	W3
开花期 Flowering stage	1	淡水 Fresh water	咸水 Saline water	咸水 Saline water	淡水 Fresh water
开花结果期 Flowering and fruiting stage	2	淡水 Fresh water	淡水 Fresh water	咸水 Saline water	淡水 Fresh water
	3	淡水 Fresh water	咸水 Saline water	淡水 Fresh water	咸水 Saline water
	4	淡水 Fresh water	淡水 Fresh water	淡水 Fresh water	咸水 Saline water
果实膨大期 Fruit expansion stage	5	淡水 Fresh water	咸水 Saline water	咸水 Saline water	咸水 Saline water
果实膨大期 Fruit expansion stage	6	淡水 Fresh water	淡水 Fresh water	咸水 Saline water	咸水 Saline water
红熟期 Red ripe stage	7	淡水 Fresh water	咸水 Saline water	淡水 Fresh water	淡水 Fresh water
红熟期 Red ripe stage	8	淡水 Fresh water	淡水 Fresh water	淡水 Fresh water	淡水 Fresh water

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	气孔特征 Stomatal characteristics
年份 Year	处理 Treatment	密度 Density (number/mm²)	面积 Area (μm²)	周长 Perimeter (μm)	长度 Length (μm)	宽度 Width (μm)	形状指数 Stomatal shape index
2022	CK	358.36±19.49b	39.44±2.21a	32.39±1.15a	14.42±0.49a	3.38±0.08a	1.45±0.02c
	W1	414.53±44.34b	18.02±4.08c	26.18±4.33b	11.77±0.87b	1.85±0.19c	1.74±0.10b
	W2	487.14±32.22a	10.69±0.74d	22.99±1.38b	11.13±0.86b	1.22±0.29d	1.98±0.19a
	W3	384.53±21.03b	34.55±1.29b	31.74±1.05a	14.19±0.62a	2.98±0.13b	1.52±0.03c
2023	CK	331.62±27.64c	52.44±7.84a	38.32±2.62a	17.14±1.02a	4.15±0.58a	1.39±0.03b
	W1	430.69±15.59b	23.60±1.25b	28.60±1.04b	13.27±0.49b	2.25±0.11c	1.66±0.06b
	W2	497.44±22.21a	9.06±3.59b	24.66±2.22b	11.96±1.08b	0.94±0.38d	2.41±0.54a
	W3	398.73±12.73b	44.58±5.13a	32.32±3.74a	15.20±2.06a	3.52±0.84b	1.46±0.04b

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	叶绿体形状Chloroplast shape			每个叶绿体中基粒数 Grana per chloroplast	每个叶绿体中嗜锇颗粒 Osmiophilic granules per chloroplast
年份 Year	处理 Treatment	长 Length (μm)	宽 Width (μm)	长/宽 Length/width	每个叶绿体中基粒数 Grana per chloroplast	每个叶绿体中嗜锇颗粒 Osmiophilic granules per chloroplast
2022	CK	3.85±0.31b	2.65±0.29a	1.47±0.28c	15.32±1.31a	4.36±2.72a
	W1	5.31±1.76ab	2.01±0.43b	2.6±0.32ab	12.53±2.05ab	4.51±0.62a
	W2	6.23±1.29a	2.24±0.1ab	2.77±0.47a	10.46±3.12b	6.13±1.55a
	W3	5.47±0.5ab	2.73±0.08a	2.01±0.24bc	13.42±2.41ab	3.47±2.12a
2023	CK	4.93±0.28a	2.60±0.02a	1.90±0.12b	15.71±3.22a	3.05±0.21b
	W1	5.11±0.62a	1.81±0.03c	2.82±0.31a	13.82±1.33a	4.34±1.03ab
	W2	5.36±0.31a	1.94±0.03b	2.77±0.13a	11.24±2.45a	5.07±0.45a
	W3	5.27±0.35a	2.59±0.06a	2.03±0.11b	14.29±4.84a	3.77±1.11ab

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	平均单果重 Average weight of single tomato (g)	果茎 Fruit diameter (mm)	单株坐果数 Fruit number per plant	总产量 Total production (kg·hm^-2)
2022	CK	191.76±7.00a	64.56±3.45a	14.33±1.25ab	103442.96±12863.95a
	W1	149.97±5.66b	57.81±0.72b	9.00±1.41c	50590.49±7793.56b
	W2	126.04±10.01c	56.34±1.40b	10.00±1.63bc	47893.68±11350.79b
	W3	191.97±10.47a	67.25±1.37a	14.67±2.87a	104539.87±15430.37a
2023	CK	153.06±0.19b	57.39±2.79ab	12.33±1.15a	70819.5±6545.72a
	W1	126.77±7.46c	49.45±5.78bc	9.11±1.02b	42900.28±6233.43b
	W2	120.55±10.85c	46.67±7.19c	7.67±0.58b	34559.95±2238.62b
	W3	172.84±11.88a	61.92±1.88a	11.12±1.16a	71064.11±2788.58a

Effects of Saline-Fresh Water Rotation Irrigation on Photosynthetic Characteristics and Leaf Ultrastructure of Tomato Plants in Greenhouse

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