陕西省小农户作物生产的减肥潜力及经济效益评价

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2021.20.011

Abstract

Abstract:

【Objective】The material input of agriculture production is generally high for smallholder farmers, and the application rate of chemical fertilizers will change with the evolution of crop structure. Understanding the situation of nutrient input and economic benefits of smallholder to cereal crop, oil crop and cash crop could help guide scientific fertilization and improve economic benefits. 【Method】In 2018, a questionnaire survey was conducted on the production of major crops in Shaanxi Province. The cereal crop (wheat, maize, rice, millet, and potato), oil crop (canola and soybean), and cash crop (apple, tomato, and flue-cured tobacco) were considered as targeted crops, and a total of 1 709 questionnaires were obtained. Further, the fertilization status of smallholder, the potential of fertilizer reduction, and economic benefits according to yield level of different crops were evaluated. 【Result】For the production of wheat, maize, rice, millet, and potato, the mean yield was 4.6, 7.3, 8.3, 3.7, and 19.8 t·hm^-2, respectively; the mean nitrogen (N) fertilizer rate was 177, 247, 186, 255, and 209 kg N·hm^-2, respectively; the mean phosphate (P) fertilizer rate was 102, 103, 88, 142, and 125 kg P₂O₅·hm^-2; mean potassium (K) fertilizer rate was 37, 47, 64, 53, and 110 kg K₂O·hm^-2, respectively. For canola and soybean production, the mean yield was 2.4 and 2.7 t·hm^-2, N fertilizer rate was 156 and 99 kg N·hm^-2, P fertilizer rate was 80 and 63 kg P₂O₅·hm^-2, K fertilizer rate was 56 and 26 kg K₂O·hm^-2, respectively. For the production of apple, tomato, and tobacco, the mean yield was 23.8, 93.5, and 2.7 t·hm^-2, respectively; N fertilizer rate was 731, 471, and 118 kg N·hm^-2, P fertilizer rate was 482, 387, and 118 kg P₂O₅·hm^-2, K fertilizer rate was 535, 447, and 132 kg K₂O·hm^-2, respectively. N and P fertilizers were usually over-applied, while both over-application and under-application of K fertilizer coexisted. The potential of N, P, K fertilizer reduction ranges from 28% to 60%, 52% to 66%, and 11% to 51% for cereal crop, 33%, 37% and 46% for canola, respectively. However, the application rate of P and K fertilizer needed to increase by 11% and 28% for soybean production, respectively. The potential of N, P, and K fertilizer reduction ranged from 41% to 67%, 65% to 70%, and 49% to 64% for apple and tomato production, respectively. For tobacco production, the application rate of P fertilizer could decrease by 53%, while the application rate of N fertilizer needed to increase by 22% and 11% for farmers with medium and high-yielding, respectively. The source of N was mainly compound fertilizers and urea, and the sources of P and K were mainly compound fertilizers. For the way of chemical fertilizer application, most of N fertilizer was applied as basal fertilizer, and a small part was supplemented by topdressing, while almost all P and K fertilizers were applied as basal fertilizer. For cereal crop, oil crop, and cash crop, the cost of fertilizer application accounted for 31%-52%, 57%-59% and 48%-65% of total input, respectively, and the net economic benefit ranged from 0.44×10⁴to 1.63×10⁴, 0.75×10⁴to 0.84×10⁴, and 4.19×10⁴ to 15.05×10⁴yuan/hm², respectively. Because the net economic benefit of high-yielding in cash crop, e.g., apple and tomato, was higher than that of cereal crop and oil crop, smallholder farmers were more inclined to grow them. However, the substantial application of chemical fertilizer in cash crop production brought great environmental risks. 【Conclusion】The main target of fertilizer reduction and benefit improvement was smallholder with low and middle-yielding level. Compared with cereal crop and oil crop, the economic benefit of cash crop, especially for apple and tomato, was higher, while their potential of fertilizer reduction was also higher due to substantial application of chemical fertilizer. Notably, the result of the study also demonstrated that there was also insufficient application of fertilizer in crop production, e.g., soybean and tobacco. In conclusion, the fertilizer management of smallholder varied greatly. Improving the level of fertilizer management for smallholder was conducive to increasing both yield and economic benefits, and thus contributing to sustainable crop production.

Key words: household behavior, crop classification, nutrients management, yield, economic benefit, Shaanxi Province

MI XiaoTian,SHI Lei,HE Gang,WANG ZhaoHui. Fertilizer Reduction Potential and Economic Benefits of Crop Production for Smallholder Farmers in Shaanxi Province[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2021, 54(20): 4370-4384.

Figures/Tables 6

Table 1

Table 2

Table 3

Productivity of crops and the application rate of fertilizer"

作物分类 Crop classification	作物类型 Crop type	产量水平 Yield level	等级范围 Yield range (t·hm^-2)	样本数 Sample amount	产量 Yield (t·hm^-2)	施氮量 N rate (kg N·hm^-2)	施磷量 P rate (kg P₂O₅·hm^-2)	施钾量 K rate (kg K₂O·hm^-2)
粮食作物 Cereal crop	小麦 Wheat	低产 Low	<4.0	100	3.2 c	152 b	112 a	35 a
		中产 Mid	4.0—5.2	103	4.5 b	183 a	95 a	35 a
		高产 High	>5.2	109	5.8 a	193 a	99 a	42 a
	玉米 Maize	低产 Low	<6.8	224	5.3 c	237 a	85 c	42 b
		中产 Mid	6.8—9.0	178	7.8 b	257 a	107 b	43 b
		高产 High	>9.0	112	10.7a	251 a	132 a	64 a
	水稻 Rice	低产 Low	<7.4	24	6.4 c	218 a	63 b	59 a
		中产 Mid	7.4—8.8	55	7.9 b	178 b	102 a	55 a
		高产 High	>8.8	71	9.3 a	182 b	86 ab	73 a
	谷子 Millet	低产 Low	<2.7	10	0.8 c	326 a	105 a	92 a
		中产 Mid	2.7—4.6	26	3.6 b	233 b	141 a	34 b
		高产 High	>4.6	15	5.8 a	247 b	164 a	60 ab
	马铃薯 Potato	低产 Low	<15.8	80	11.9 c	214 a	139 a	89 a
		中产 Mid	15.8—24.0	119	20.7 b	216 a	128 a	121 a
		高产 High	>24.0	50	30.1 a	186 a	96 a	117 a
油料作物 Oil crop	油菜 Canola	低产 Low	<2.1	31	1.7 c	139 b	65 a	34 b
		中产 Mid	2.1—2.6	66	2.3 b	141 b	85 a	59 a
		高产 High	>2.6	75	2.8 a	175 a	83 a	62 a
	大豆 Soybean	低产 Low	<2.6	24	1.7 c	81 a	71 a	24 b
		中产 Mid	2.6—3.9	10	3.0 b	135 a	42 a	15 b
		高产 High	>3.9	8	5.6 a	89 a	66 a	44 a
经济作物 Cash crop	苹果 Apple	低产 Low	<19.7	70	11.5 c	614 b	412 b	445 b
		中产 Mid	19.7—34.8	61	27.0 b	761 ab	481 b	545 ab
		高产 High	>34.8	32	44.4 a	930 a	636 a	711 a
	西红柿 Tomato	低产 Low	<86.0	17	59.8 c	438 b	339 b	377 b
		中产 Mid	86.0—118.0	5	80.4 b	311 b	225 b	348 b
		高产 High	>118.0	4	117.8 a	812 a	791 a	870 a
	烤烟 Flue-cured tobacco	低产 Low	<2.8	21	2.2 c	101 b	110 b	101 c
		中产 Mid	2.8—3.6	4	3.3 b	94 b	113 b	169 b
		高产 High	>3.6	5	4.1 a	128 a	153 a	230 a

Table 3

Table 4

Table 5

Table 6

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作物分类 Crop classification	作物类型 Crop type	100 kg经济产量养分需求量 Nutrients requirement of 100 kg economic yield (kg)
作物分类 Crop classification	作物类型 Crop type	N	P₂O₅	K₂O
粮食作物 Cereal crop	小麦Wheat^[12]	2.8	0.7	2.4
	玉米 Maize^[19,20,21]	1.74	0.32	1.53
	水稻Rice^[22]	1.71	0.34	1.84
	谷子 Millet^[23]	2.72	0.96	2.32
	马铃薯Potato ^[23]	0.5	0.2	1.0
油料作物 Oil crop	油菜Canola ^{[15, 23]}	4.3	2.5	4.2
油料作物 Oil crop	大豆Soybean ^[23]	7.2	1.7	4.0
经济作物 Cash crop	苹果Apple^{[16, 23]}	0.5	0.2	0.4
	西红柿Tomato^[24,25]	0.32	0.10	0.25
	烤烟Flue-cured tobacco ^[26]	3.5	1.4	4.8

作物分类 Crop classification	作物类型 Crop type	种子 Seed (yuan/hm²)	农药 Pesticide (yuan/hm²)	机械作业 Mechanical work (yuan/hm²)	排灌 Irrigation (yuan/hm²)	雇佣成本 Employ cost (yuan/hm²)	售价 Price (yuan/kg)
粮食作物 Cereal crop	小麦 Wheat	978	302	2302	556	—	2.30
	玉米 Maize	910	200	1667	724	—	1.82
	水稻 Rice	897	209	1662	558	—	2.57
	谷子 Millet	951	804	2863	310	—	2.59
	马铃薯Potato	2790	164	1688	0	—	0.88
油料作物 Oil crop	油菜Canola	636	201	667	246	—	5.16
油料作物 Oil crop	大豆Soybean	516	76	1098	73	—	4.30
经济作物 Cash crop	苹果Apple	0	2653	1429	698	8985	5.79
	西红柿Tomato	3991	3408	1241	1326	5970	2.58
	烤烟Flue-cured tobacco	810	432	786	106	7200	24.50

作物分类 Crop classification	作物类型 Crop type	产量等级 Yield level	总产出 Output (×10⁴yuan/hm²)	投入 Input（yuan/hm²）			总投入 Total (×10⁴yuan/hm²)	肥料占总投入 Fertilizer / total (%)	经济效益 Benefit (×10⁴yuan/hm²)
作物分类 Crop classification	作物类型 Crop type	产量等级 Yield level	总产出 Output (×10⁴yuan/hm²)	单质肥ECF	复合肥 CF	有机肥OM	总投入 Total (×10⁴yuan/hm²)	肥料占总投入 Fertilizer / total (%)	经济效益 Benefit (×10⁴yuan/hm²)
粮食作物 Cereal crop	小麦 Wheat	低产Low	0.76	338	1134	231	0.58	29	0.18 c
		适中Mid	1.07	546	1096	85	0.59	29	0.48 b
		高产High	1.37	434	1543	51	0.62	33	0.77 a
	玉米 Maize	低产Low	0.97	664	888	327	0.54	35	0.43 c
		适中Mid	1.40	807	1016	212	0.55	37	0.85 b
		高产High	1.95	426	2107	216	0.63	44	1.32 a
	水稻 Rice	低产Low	1.66	616	416	583	0.50	32	1.16 c
		适中Mid	2.03	545	1038	217	0.52	35	1.51 b
		高产High	2.40	446	1281	135	0.52	36	1.88 a
	谷子 Millet	低产Low	0.32	801	1350	4500	1.16	57	-0.84 c
		适中Mid	1.38	815	362	2973	0.91	45	0.47 b
		高产High	2.20	732	405	3336	0.95	47	1.26 a
	马铃薯 Potato	低产Low	1.04	266	760	3609	0.93	50	0.11 c
		适中Mid	1.82	390	1835	3259	1.01	54	0.81 b
		高产High	2.64	497	1661	2755	0.96	51	1.68 a
油料作物 Oil crop	大豆 Soybean	低产Low	0.72	241	155	1669	0.38	54	0.34 c
		适中Mid	1.29	603	0	1530	0.39	55	0.90 b
		高产High	2.42	1782	0	4500	0.80	78	1.62 a
	油菜 Canola	低产Low	0.88	379	742	575	0.34	49	0.54 c
		适中Mid	1.18	400	1055	1075	0.43	59	0.75 b
		高产High	1.46	466	1161	828	0.42	58	1.04 a
经济作物 Cash crop	苹果 Apple	低产Low	6.65	623	7482	3277	2.51	45	4.14 c
		适中Mid	15.65	805	8350	2039	2.50	45	13.15 b
		高产High	25.71	1782	9096	2342	2.70	49	23.01 a
	西红柿 Tomato	低产Low	15.46	286	67685	4220	9.18	79	6.28 c
		适中Mid	20.79	408	5143	10350	3.55	45	17.24 b
		高产High	30.43	272	14304	4397	3.85	49	26.57 a
	烤烟 Flue-cured tobacco	低产Low	4.18	0	11250	268	2.16	53	3.96 c
		适中Mid	5.59	0	14063	0	2.41	58	6.35 b
		高产High	6.93	0	19125	0	2.92	66	7.72 b

Fertilizer Reduction Potential and Economic Benefits of Crop Production for Smallholder Farmers in Shaanxi Province

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作物分类 Crop classification	作物类型 Crop type	肥料种类 Fertilizer types	氮肥 N fertilizer (kg N·hm^-2)		磷肥 P fertilizer (kg P₂O₅·hm^-2)		钾肥K fertilizer (kg K₂O·hm^-2)
作物分类 Crop classification	作物类型 Crop type	肥料种类 Fertilizer types	基肥 Basal fertilizer	追肥 Topdressing	基肥 Basal fertilizer	追肥 Topdressing	基肥 Basal fertilizer	追肥 Topdressing
粮食作物 Cereal crop	小麦 Wheat	单质肥 ECF	66	20	22	0	3	0
		复合肥 CF	76	0	69	0	25	0
		有机肥 OM	15	0	11	0	10	0
		总和 ALL	157	20	102	0	38	0
	玉米 Maize	单质肥 ECF	51	99	18	1	1	0
		复合肥 CF	68	4	62	4	23	2
		有机肥OM	23	1	18	1	18	1
		总和ALL	142	104	97	6	44	3
	水稻 Rice	单质肥 ECF	55	50	21	0	3	0
		复合肥CF	54	3	48	2	43	1
		有机肥OM	25	0	17	0	16	0
		总和ALL	134	52	86	2	63	1
	谷子 Millet	单质肥 ECF	73	94	34	0	0	0
		复合肥CF	31	0	60	0	13	0
		有机肥OM	57	0	47	0	39	0
		总和ALL	161	94	141	0	53	0
	马铃薯 Potato	单质肥 ECF	47	18	19	0	6	0
		复合肥CF	70	3	63	3	53	3
		有机肥OM	54	0	37	0	43	0
		总和ALL	171	21	119	3	102	3
油料作物 Oil crop	油菜 Canola	单质肥 ECF	38	46	18	0	4	0
		复合肥CF	53	2	51	1	37	1
		有机肥OM	15	2	8	1	12	1
		总和ALL	106	50	77	2	53	2
	大豆 Soybean	单质肥 ECF	40	13	23	1	0	0
		复合肥CF	5	0	12	0	1	0
		有机肥OM	41	0	27	0	25	0
		总和ALL	86	13	62	1	26	0
经济作物 Cash crop	苹果 Apple	单质肥 ECF	75	80	14	2	14	29
		复合肥CF	359	166	19	1	5	138
		有机肥OM	49	2	12	0	0	0
		总和ALL	483	248	45	3	19	167
	西红柿 Tomato	单质肥 ECF	13	32	2	7	9	6
		复合肥CF	159	83	159	56	161	176
		有机肥OM	184	31	149	39	91	45
		总和ALL	356	146	310	102	261	227
	烤烟 Flue-cured tobacco	单质肥 ECF	0	0	0	0	0	0
		复合肥CF	96	0	114	0	130	0
		有机肥OM	8	0	4	0	2	0
		总和ALL	104	0	118	0	132	0

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