花期高温干旱对玉米雄穗发育、生理特性和产量影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2021.17.004

Abstract

Abstract:

【Objective】 Global seasonal high temperature and drought have become the main limiting factors affecting crop growth and development as well as yield formation. Based on artificial simulation of the climate characteristics of periodic high temperature and drought stress, the effects of high temperature stress, drought stress and the combined stress of high temperature and drought during the flowering stage on morphological development and physiological characteristics of tassel and yield formation of summer maize were explored in this study. 【Method】 The experiment was conducted by pot-experiment in the greenhouse with intelligent control system for two years. Zhengdan 958 (ZD958) and Huanong 138 (HN138) were used as the experimental materials. The four treatments of control (CK), flowering high-temperature stress treatment (T), flowering drought stress treatment (D) and flowering high-temperature-drought combined stress treatment (TD) were set up to study the tassel morphology, anther and pollen structure, pollen viability, tassel antioxidant index and yield of summer maize in response to high temperature and drought during flowering stage. 【Result】 High temperature, drought and combined stress resulted in significant reduction in the tassel branch number, tassel central branch spikelet number and tassel branch spikelet density in maize, and these three parameters of T treatment were 17.31%, 15.70% and 13.56% lower than that under CK, respectively; D and TD treatments were 33.85%, 24.87%, 27.08% and 45.59%, 32.02%, 26.00% lower than CK, respectively. Drought and combined stress significantly shortened tassel central branch length by 23.64% and 27.51%, respectively, compared with CK. High temperature stress and drought stress at flowering stage led to anther shrinkage and deformation, loose arrangement of tapetum cells, and reticular protrusion on pollen grain surface. Combined stress aggravated anther shrinkage and deformation, broken of tapetum cells. And the septal vascular bundles became thinner, the number decreased, the reticular protrusion of pollen grains was more obvious, and the germination holes were invaginated under combined stress. High temperature, drought and combined stress significantly reduced the dispersed amount of pollen in tassel, and the dispersed amount of pollen under T, D and TD treatments was 22.18%, 54.75% and 67.28% less than CK, respectively. The date of maximum dispersed amount of pollen was earlier than that under CK. T, D and TD treatments significantly reduced the proportion of highly vigorous pollen compared with CK. T treatment increased the activities of SOD and POD enzymes in the tassel by 21.91% and 32.50%, respectively, compared with CK; While those under D and TD treatment increased by 24.95% (SOD), 53.37% (POD) and 17.12% (SOD), 67.24% (POD), respectively, compared with CK. The MDA content in the tassel under T, D and TD treatment increased by 44.18%, 64.24%, and 79.12%, respectively, compared with CK; The $\mathop{{O}}_{2}^{{\mathop{}_{\ •}^{-}}}$ content increased by 22.55%, 51.65%, 72.29%, respectively, compared with CK. High temperature, drought and combined stress reduced maize yield and grain number per row by 18.05%, 34.58%, 46.24% and 24.58%, 41.80%, 52.99%, respectively, compared with CK. Under stress treatment, the tassel branch number, the tassel central branch spikelet number and the tassel branch spikelet density of HN138 were decreased by 27.00% and 17.28%, respectively, compared with ZD958; The distortion degree of anther and pollen structure of HN138 was higher than that of ZD958, and the increase of antioxidant enzyme activity was less than that of ZD958, but MDA and O₂ ^·-content were 13.07% and 20.29% higher than that of ZD958. HN138 was more sensitive to high temperature, drought and combined stress between two cultivars. 【Conclusion】 The results showed that high temperature, drought and combined stress significantly inhibited the growth and development of tassel, led to the distorted morphological structure of anther and pollen, reduced the dispersed amount of pollen, decreased the activity of antioxidant enzymes, and inhibited the normally pollination and fructification, thus resulting in the decreased kernel number and grain yield. The effect of combined stress of high temperature and drought on tassel was greater than that of single stress, but the response of different varieties to high temperature and drought was different.

Key words: summer maize, high temperature and drought, tassel-related traits, pollen structure and vitality, antioxidant enzyme activity, yield

YAN ZhenHua,LIU DongYao,JIA XuCun,YANG Qin,CHEN YiBo,DONG PengFei,WANG Qun. Maize Tassel Development, Physiological Traits and Yield Under Heat and Drought Stress During Flowering Stage[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2021, 54(17): 3592-3608.

Figures/Tables 11

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Table 1

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Table 2

Effects of different stress treatments on yield and yield components"

年份 Year	品种 Cultivars	处理 Treatment	穗长 Ear length (cm)	穗粗 Ear diameter (mm)	秃尖 Bald tip (mm)	穗行数 Ear rows	行粒数 Kernels per row	千粒重 1000 grain weight (g)	产量 Yield (kg·hm^-2)
2018	ZD958	CK	15.91±1.12a	52.12±2.11a	2.39±2.24c	17.60±1.20a	33.40±1.43a	322.09±5.77a	12620.21±279.16a
		T	14.95±0.65a	49.66±2.01b	4.59±0.85c	17.20±2.04a	26.70±2.69b	322.08±5.93a	9762.19±230.86b
		D	11.57±1.30b	45.34±3.05c	10.01±1.17b	15.80±2.27a	17.50±2.91c	295.49±11.84b	7700.68±151.23c
		TD	10.39±0.83c	42.58±1.75d	22.64±6.87a	15.80±1.66a	15.40±2.24c	305.45±13.19b	5809.84±153.80d
	HN138	CK	17.48±1.03a	49.18±1.65a	6.58±3.48b	15.40±1.29a	32.40±2.54a	261.39±5.15a	9387.42±170.16a
		T	15.22±0.51b	49.39±1.04a	33.99±4.19a	15.00±1.00a	24.90±1.97b	252.25±7.11b	7677.14±186.88b
		D	12.92±1.18c	41.68±3.55b	32.76±5.23a	15.20±0.98a	19.50±1.57c	240.06±3.50c	5070.93±139.57c
		TD	11.11±0.91d	40.58±2.52b	30.65±9.76a	15.00±1.34a	15.90±1.92d	239.64±7.38c	4145.12±179.17d
2019	ZD958	CK	15.62±0.32a	51.41±2.61a	2.19±1.85a	16.60±1.56a	36.00±1.55a	350.98±12.79a	12984.97±148.62a
		T	14.36±0.25a	49.04±1.36b	5.53±0.46a	15.80±1.40a	23.90±1.97b	329.65±16.62ab	9870.79±182.17b
		D	11.98±0.97b	46.24±1.42c	9.03±0.68b	14.60±0.92a	19.20±2.40c	334.93±18.91a	9371.21±128.42c
		TD	10.66±0.52c	45.69±1.76c	17.49±1.96c	14.00±1.26a	15.00±1.79d	305.14±19.33b	8419.67±189.74d
	HN138	CK	19.57±1.45a	49.71±0.89a	7.43±2.46c	16.00±1.26a	29.30±2.72a	265.86±11.30a	10153.57±218.83a
		T	18.19±1.72a	49.08±0.72a	53.53±16.96b	15.40±1.28a	23.00±2.45b	259.37±6.71b	9368.37±123.10b
		D	14.60±1.27b	46.19±0.75b	53.24±14.18a	15.20±1.33a	19.60±2.46c	250.63±5.53b	7469.07±188.68c
		TD	11.47±1.81c	42.53±1.90c	37.92±7.56a	15.00±1.84a	15.00±1.41d	248.98±6.52c	6005.79±188.81d
变异来源 Source of variation	年份 Year		NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS
	品种 Cultivars		**	**	**	**	*	**	**
	处理 Treatment		**	**	**	**	**	**	**
	年份×品种 Year×Cultivars		NS	NS	*	*	*	NS	NS
	年份×处理 Year×Treatment		NS	NS	NS	NS	*	NS	NS
	品种×处理 Cultivars×Treatment		**	**	**	NS	*	**	NS
	年份×品种×处理 Year×Cultivars×Treatment		NS	NS	NS	NS	*	NS	NS

Table 2

Table 3

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年份 Year	品种 Cultivar	处理 Treatment	主轴长 Tassel central branch length (cm)	主轴小花数 Tassel central branch spikelet number	分枝数 Tassel branch number	分枝小花密度 Tassel branch spikelet density (count/cm)
2018	ZD958	CK	38.40±1.06a	268.44±21.46a	14.84±2.04a	3.14±0.59a
		T	38.38±2.70a	256.42±20.07ab	12.21±1.60b	3.02±0.45b
		D	30.52±1.81b	227.24±12.65bc	10.2±1.60bc	2.73±0.38c
		TD	28.78±2.75b	197.47±25.55c	9.43±1.62c	2.62±0.23c
	HN138	CK	42.78±3.15a	193.69±10.09a	4.00±1.26a	2.44±0.17a
		T	33.92±2.07b	153.88±12.46ab	3.44±0.80ab	2.29±0.32b
		D	31.84±1.79c	138.15±9.23bc	2.63±0.80ab	1.77±0.28c
		TD	29.82±1.60c	130.45±17.58c	2.00±0.89b	2.26±0.31b
2019	ZD958	CK	38.25±4.64a	309.60±14.89a	17.80±1.33a	4.02±0.14a
		T	36.51±2.27a	268.40±10.03b	14.80±1.47b	3.04±0.22b
		D	30.35±2.26b	245.60±35.67b	12.00±1.10c	2.45±0.15c
		TD	29.79±1.32b	198.80±9.66c	9.60±1.36d	2.35±0.28c
	HN138	CK	45.96±1.28a	220.40±8.59a	4.80±1.72a	3.27±0.48a
		T	35.79±0.57b	166.60±3.44b	3.80±0.98a	2.62±0.18a
		D	33.18±0.39b	143.80±4.35c	3.00±1.10b	2.33±0.15ab
		TD	30.99±1.25c	147.20±9.27d	2.40±1.02b	2.01±0.15b
变异来源 Source of variation	年份 Year		NS	NS	NS	NS
	品种 Cultivar		**	**	**	**
	处理 treatment		**	**	**	**
	年份×品种 Year×Cultivars		NS	NS	NS	NS
	年份×处理 Year×Treatment		NS	NS	NS	NS
	品种×处理 Cultivars×Treatment		**	**	*	NS
	年份×品种×处理 Year×Cultivars×Treatment		NS	NS	NS	NS

年份 Year	雄穗相关指标 Tassel-related trait	ZD958			HN138
年份 Year	雄穗相关指标 Tassel-related trait	产量 Yield	穗粒数 Grains per ear	千粒重 1000 grain weight	产量 Yield	穗粒数 Grains per ear	千粒重 1000 grain weight
2018	主轴长 Tassel central branch length	0.7769**	0.8150**	0.3344	0.7330**	0.6034*	0.3704
	主轴小花数 Central branch spikelet number	0.7283**	0.7111**	0.2555	0.5745*	0.5532*	0.3407
	分枝数 Tassel branch number	0.5045	0.2377	0.4747	0.5363*	0.5928*	0.3608
	分枝小花密度Tassel branch spikelet density	0.4037	0.3208	0.2157	0.0987	0.0746	0.3723
	花粉量 Fresh pollen weight	0.9239**	0.8321**	0.5518*	0.8918**	0.8639**	0.6431**
	花粉活力 Pollen activity	0.8568**	0.7896	0.5887*	0.6146*	0.7228**	0.3597
2019	主轴长 Central tassel branch length	0.6070*	0.5580*	0.3178	0.7899**	0.6511**	0.4437
	主轴小花数 Central tassel flower number	0.7211**	0.7551**	0.4336	0.7341**	0.6079*	0.4898
	分枝数 Tassel branch number	0.6441**	0.5593*	0.5658*	0.8242**	0.7488**	0.4379
	分枝小花密度Tassel branch spikelet density	0.5432*	0.6943**	0.3372	0.8184**	0.7597**	0.5946*
	花粉量 Pollen weight	0.7325**	0.7821**	0.2890	0.9314**	0.7433**	0.4112
	花粉活力 Pollen activity	0.8268**	0.8279**	0.4186	0.9002**	0.6874**	0.4067

Maize Tassel Development, Physiological Traits and Yield Under Heat and Drought Stress During Flowering Stage

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