Scientia Agricultura Sinica ›› 2019, Vol. 52 ›› Issue (20): 3546-3558.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2019.20.006

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• SPECIAL FOCUS: HIGH-YIELDING AND HIGH NUTRIENT EFFICIENT SPRING MAIZE IN NORTHEAST CHINA • Previous Articles     Next Articles

Characteristics of Grain Yield and Nutrient Accumulation for Spring Maize Under Different Agronomic Management Practices

JingChao YUAN1,JianZhao LIU1,Yao LIANG1,WenJie ZHAN1,2,HongXi ZHANG1,ZiHao ZENG1,2,HongGuang CAI1(),Jun REN1()   

  1. 1 Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Agro-Environment in Northeast Region, Ministry of Agriculture, Changchun 130033
    2 Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118
  • Received:2019-03-19 Accepted:2019-07-01 Online:2019-10-16 Published:2019-10-28
  • Contact: HongGuang CAI,Jun REN E-mail:caihongguang1981@163.com;renjun557@163.com

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Abstract:

【Objective】 This research aimed to investigate the characteristics of grain yield, nutrient accumulation and transport of spring maize before and after flowering under different agronomic management practices, so as to provide theoretical and technical support for high yield and efficient production of spring maize. 【Method】 The field experiment was conducted from 2009 to 2012 in Gongzhuling of Jilin province. The hybrid “Xianyu335” was used as research material. During three consecutive years, five different agronomic management practices (CK, FP, Opt-1, Opt-2, and Opt-3) were set under the field conditions. The characteristics of dry matter accumulation, nutrient absorbing and transport were monitored before and after flowering of spring maize. The influence of grain yield was studied under different agronomic management practices. 【Result】 Reasonable densification, nutrient management and deep scarification were the key measures for high yield of spring maize. The result indicated Opt-3 was optimal under five different agronomic management practices. Compared with FP, the grain yield and dry matter accumulation of Opt-3 increased 13.9% and 22.4%, respectively. The number of maize ears in harvest stage contributed yield mostly, and the yield under Opt-3 was 34.3% higher than that under FP. Under the condition of same amount of fertilizer input between Opt-3 and FP, N, P and K accumulation of Opt-3 increased by 9.5%, 28.1% and 23.9% than that of FP, respectively. N, P and K translocation rate of Opt-3 increased by 47.7%, 21.7% and 45.0%, respectively. Partial productivity of N, P fertilizer increased by 14.0% and 4.4%, respectively. Compared with Opt-1, the grain yield of Opt-3 was further augmented by increasing planting density. When planting density was increased by 10 000 plant/hm 2, the grain yield increased 56-346 kg·hm -2. Compared with Opt-2, the efficiency of Opt-3 was improved through further optimization of fertilizer, and ANUE of Opt-3 increased 29.5%. Through fertilizer cost accounting, compared with FP, Opt-3 increased income by 2 218 yuan/hm 2. Compared with Opt-1, Opt-3 increased income by 290 yuan/hm 2. Compared with Opt-2, Opt-3 saved 367 yuan/hm 2.【Conclusion】 By reasonable densification to 70 000 plant/hm 2, optimized fertilizer (N 225 kg·hm -2-P2O5 90 kg·hm -2-K2O 90 kg·hm -2) and application period, organic fertilizer (1 500 kg·hm -2), added microelement fertilizer (150 kg·hm -2), combined with soil deep tillage, it was a relatively optimized integrated agronomic management mode, which could realize the synergistic improvement of spring maize yield and efficiency in the middle of northeast China.

Key words: agronomic management practices, spring maize, grain yield, nutrient accumulation and transport, partial productivity

Fig. 1

Precipitation in experiment field during maize growth stage from 2009 to 2011"

Table 1

Cultivation of different integrated agronomic management practices"

处理
Treatment		 种植密度
Plant density
(×104 plants/hm2)		 耕作
Tillage		 肥料
Fertilizer		 肥料施用量 Fertilizer application amount (kg·hm-2)
施肥量
Fertilizing amount		 播前
Before seeding		 拔节期
V6		 抽雄期
VT
CK 6.0 灭茬旋耕
Stubble rotary tillage		 N 0 — — —
P 0 — — —
K 0 — — —
微量肥Microelement 0 — — —
有机肥Organic 0 — — —
FP 5.0 灭茬旋耕
Stubble rotary tillage		 N 225 225 — —
P 82.5 82.5 — —
K 67.5 67.5 — —
微量肥Microelement 0 — — —
有机肥Organic 0 — — —
Opt-1 6.0 灭茬旋耕
Stubble rotary tillage		 N 195 78 117 —
P 75 75 — —
K 82.5 82.5 — —
微量肥Microelement 60 60 — —
有机肥Organic 15000 15000 — —
Opt-2 7.0 6展叶深松
V6-subsoiling		 N 300 120 120 60
P 120 96 24 —
K 120 96 24 —
微量肥Microelement 150 150 — —
有机肥Organic 15000 15000 — —
Opt-3 7.0 6展叶深松
V6-subsoiling		 N 225 90 90 45
P 90 72 18 —
K 90 72 18 —
微量肥Microelement 150 150 — —
有机肥Organic 15000 15000 — —

Table 2

The grain yield and its components under different agronomic management practices"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 产量
Grain yield (kg·hm-2)		 收获穗数
Ear number (hm-2)		 穗粒数
Kernel number		 百粒重
100-kernel weight (g)		 增产
Increase (%)
2009 CK 5991.6b 53000c 389b 29.8b —
FP 8356.6a 45000d 503a 37.2a —
Opt-1 9108.0a 63000a 521a 29.9b 9.0
Opt-2 9142.0a 61000b 504a 30.4b 9.4
Opt-3 9163.7a 63000a 501a 29.8b 9.7
2010 CK 7526.1c 58000b 398c 33.9c —
FP 8945.6b 51000c 479a 37.9b —
Opt-1 10019.9a 57000b 455a 40.7a 12.0
Opt-2 10390.4a 67000a 388c 41.7a 16.2
Opt-3 10102.5a 64000a 401b 41.0a 12.9
2011 CK 4457.0c 57000b 288c 27.6b —
FP 9253.0b 47000c 638a 35.2ab —
Opt-1 10639.0a 57000b 558b 32.6a 15.0
Opt-2 11077.9a 62000a 504b 33.5ab 19.7
Opt-3 10985.0a 65000a 504b 32.5b 18.7
变异来源 Sources of variance
年份 Year (Y) 15.77** 15.81** 28.55** 104.26**
处理 Treatment (T) 85.66** 3.23** 45.64** 21.85**
年份×处理 Y×T 8.09** 11.90** 11.78** 6.87**

Fig. 2

Accumulation of dry matter and absorption of N,P and K under different agronomic management practices"

Table 3

Dry matter accumulation and contribution to grain of spring maize under different agronomic management practices"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 积累量
Accumulation of dry matter (kg·hm-2)		 积累率
Accumulation rate (%)		 对籽粒贡献率
Accumulation rate (%)		 转运效率
Translocation rate (%)
吐丝前BS 吐丝后AS 吐丝前BS 吐丝后AS 吐丝前BS 吐丝后AS
2009 CK 6312.0c 8235.0a 43.4 56.6 2.8 97.2 3.3
FP 8384.5b 7832.4a 51.7 48.3 19.4 80.6 19.3
Opt-1 9976.0a 9696.2a 50.7 49.3 13.6 86.4 13.3
Opt-2 11514.3a 9293.9a 55.3 44.7 25.4 74.6 23.2
Opt-3 11239.2a 8579.4a 56.7 43.3 25.9 74.1 22.8
2010 CK 6028.0b 6480.8d 48.2 51.8 14.2 85.8 15.2
FP 7850.0b 8985.1c 46.6 53.4 6.2 93.8 6.6
Opt-1 10154.0a 8739.8c 53.7 46.3 21.3 78.7 19.9
Opt-2 10920.0a 14267.1a 43.4 56.6 1.1 98.9 1.3
Opt-3 9906.0a 11906.0b 45.4 54.6 6.9 93.1 7.8
2011 CK — — — — — — —
FP 11468.0ab 10453.3c 52.3 47.7 14.7 85.3 13.6
Opt-1 9433.3b 15800.7a 37.4 62.6 1.8 98.2 2.6
Opt-2 12480.0a 12831.3b 49.3 50.7 12.5 87.5 12.8
Opt-3 13408.5a 13097.0b 49.1 50.9 11.9 88.1 12.2

Table 4

N accumulation and contribution to grain of spring maize under different agronomic management practices"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 积累量
Accumulation of dry matter (kg·hm-2)		 积累率
Accumulation rate (%)		 对籽粒贡献率
Accumulation rate (%)		 转运效率
Translocation rate (%)
吐丝前BS 吐丝后AS 吐丝前BS 吐丝后AS 吐丝前BS 吐丝后AS
2009 CK 46.8c 78.0a 37.5 62.5 19.4 80.6 37.7
FP 115.9b 61.3a 65.4 34.6 54.3 45.7 57.8
Opt-1 141.8a 69.2a 67.2 32.8 57.6 42.4 60.4
Opt-2 159.5a 57.4a 73.5 26.5 67.7 32.3 65.9
Opt-3 144.6a 63.7a 69.4 30.6 61.8 38.2 63.9
2010 CK — — — — — — —
FP 149.7b 65.4a 69.6 30.4 52.3 47.7 42.8
Opt-1 170.7a 48.5b 77.9 22.1 70.9 29.1 57.9
Opt-2 186.3a 78.2a 70.4 29.6 57.5 42.5 49.9
Opt-3 166.1a 67.9a 71.0 29.0 59.0 41.0 51.0
2011 CK — — — — — — —
FP 113.3bc 130.7a 46.4 53.6 7.4 92.6 8.6
Opt-1 136.5b 117.8b 53.7 46.3 26.5 73.5 28.9
Opt-2 161.0a 102.2b 61.2 38.8 41.9 58.1 42.0
Opt-3 179.4a 75.2c 70.5 29.5 55.7 44.3 46.3

Table 5

P accumulation and contribution to grain of spring maize under different agronomic management practices"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 积累量
Accumulation of dry matter (kg·hm-2)		 积累率
Accumulation rate (%)		 对籽粒贡献率
Accumulation rate (%)		 转运效率
Translocation rate (%)
吐丝前BS 吐丝后AS 吐丝前BS 吐丝后AS 吐丝前BS 吐丝后AS
2009 CK 26.6b 40.4c 39.7 60.3 29.2 70.8 60.1
FP 35.3b 63.3b 35.8 64.2 19.0 81.0 40.6
Opt-1 38.4b 82.1a 31.9 68.1 19.5 80.5 50.6
Opt-2 53.5a 66.2b 44.7 55.3 38.5 61.5 74.3
Opt-3 50.9a 67.1b 43.1 56.9 37.1 62.9 75.1
2010 CK — — — — — — —
FP 52.8b 18.8ab 73.8 26.2 64.0 36.0 59.6
Opt-1 65.4a 22.2a 74.7 25.3 68.4 31.6 66.2
Opt-2 73.5a 27.0a 73.1 26.9 67.1 32.9 69.2
Opt-3 59.2b 33.9a 63.6 36.4 51.5 48.5 58.9
2011 CK — — — — — — —
FP 38.8b 44.8b 46.4 53.6 31.3 68.7 51.1
Opt-1 49.3b 65.2a 43.1 56.9 24.9 75.1 42.0
Opt-2 61.2a 59.5ab 51.6 48.4 34.2 65.8 45.6
Opt-3 62.8a 52.6ab 53.9 46.1 38.4 61.6 50.0

Table 6

K accumulation and contribution to grain of spring maize under different agronomic management practices"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 积累量
Accumulation of dry matter (kg·hm-2)		 积累率
Accumulation rate (%)		 对籽粒贡献率
Accumulation rate (%)		 转运效率
Translocation rate (%)
吐丝前BS 吐丝后AS 吐丝前BS 吐丝后AS 吐丝前BS 吐丝后AS
2009 CK 78.1b 27.5b 74.0 26.0 35.3 64.7 14.7
FP 117.9b 60.9a 65.9 34.1 22.1 77.9 12.2
Opt-1 163.8ab 22.0b 88.2 11.8 76.1 23.9 26.9
Opt-2 188.4a 19.6b 90.6 9.4 81.9 18.1 25.9
Opt-3 173.8a 13.7c 92.7 7.3 89.0 11.0 29.1
2010 CK — — — — — — —
FP 112.6b 3.4c 97.0 3.0 85.7 14.3 23.0
Opt-1 134.9a 5.3c 96.2 3.8 77.9 22.1 9.9
Opt-2 148.7a 29.9a 83.3 16.7 50.6 49.4 15.5
Opt-3 145.5a 15.3b 90.5 9.5 67.2 32.8 16.9
2011 CK — — — — — — —
FP 84.6c 45.2a 65.2 34.8 21.8 78.2 13.3
Opt-1 114.1b 47.7a 70.5 29.5 40.2 59.8 24.5
Opt-2 156.2a 26.4b 85.5 14.5 63.8 36.2 25.0
Opt-3 156.1a 21.9b 87.7 12.3 69.2 30.8 24.4

Table 7

Partial factor productivity of N, P, and K under different agronomic management practices"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 氮肥偏生产力
Partial factor productivity of N		 磷肥偏生产力
Partial factor productivity of P		 钾肥偏生产力
Partial factor productivity of K
2009 CK — — —
FP 37.1d 101.3b 123.8a
Opt-1 46.7a 121.4a 110.4b
Opt-2 30.5c 76.2c 76.2d
Opt-3 40.7b 101.8b 101.8c
2010 CK — — —
FP 39.8c 108.4c 132.5a
Opt-1 51.4a 133.6a 121.4b
Opt-2 34.6cd 86.6d 86.6d
Opt-3 44.9b 112.2b 112.3c
2011 CK — — —
FP 41.1c 112.2c 137.1a
Opt-1 54.6a 141.9a 129.0ab
Opt-2 36.9d 92.3d 92.3c
Opt-3 48.8b 122.1b 122.1b
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