小麦面粉色泽相关位点的育种利用效应分析

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2026.10.001

Abstract

Abstract:

【Objective】The flour color is a crucial index for evaluating wheat quality. Identifying superior allelic variations at loci associated with flour color and clarifying their breeding utilization effects will provide a foundation for molecular marker-assisted breeding of wheat flour color.【Method】Using functional markers, molecular detection was conducted on 12 flour color-related loci in 166 wheat varieties (lines), including the Psy-A1, Pds-B1, Lcye-A1, Lcye-B1, Lox-B1, Ppo-A1, Ppo-B1, Ppo-D1, Pod-A1, Pod-D1, Pod-2D genes, and the 1B/1R translocation. Combined with the phenotypic measurements of flour color parameters (Yellow pigment content (YPC), L* value, a* value, b* value and whiteness), the influence of different allelic variations on flour color were analyzed to comprehensively and systematically evaluate the breeding utilization effects of each locus.【Result】The flour color of the tested materials exhibited a wide variation range. The average value of YPC was 1.18 μg·g^-1, with a range of 0.57-2.96 μg·g^-1; The average value of L* was 90.29, ranging from 87.12 to 92.16; the average a* value was -0.86, varying between -1.78 and -0.09; the average b* value was 8.83, with a range of 5.21-14.69; and the average whiteness was 86.78, spanning from 81.35 to 90.30. Environment, genotype, and the interaction between genotype and environment all significantly influenced flour color, with genotype exerting the strongest effect on the phenotypic variations. Psy-A1 and 1B/1R translocation significantly affected YPC, L* value, a* value, b* value and whiteness; Lcye-B1 significantly influenced YPC, a* value, b* value and whiteness; Pds-B1 and Lox-B1 significantly impacted L* value, b* value and whiteness; Pod-2D significantly influenced L* value and whiteness; Lcye-A1 significantly affected L* value; Ppo-A1 and Ppo-D1 significantly influenced a* value. These nine loci had substantial impacts on flour color and exhibited great potential for breeding applications. Wheat varieties (lines) containing Psy-A1b, Pds-B1b, Lcye-A1b, Lcye-B1b, Lox-B1a, Ppo-A1b, Ppo-D1a, Pod-2D-GG, Pod-2D-AG and non-1B/1R translocation exhibited high brightness and whiteness flour color. These genotypes were designated as superior alleles, with distribution frequencies of 34.94%, 20.48%, 97.59%, 66.27%, 26.38%, 50.91%, 57.23%, 48.80%, 15.06% and 51.20%, respectively. As the number of superior alleles increased, the L* value, a* value and whiteness gradually increased, while YPC and b* value gradually decreased. The materials pyramiding 7-8 superior genes exhibited the optimal flour color. There were significant differences in flour color and the allelic variation frequencies of related genes among wheat varieties (lines) from different regions. A total of 22 varieties, such as Zhengyin1, Zimai12 and Wanmai19, carried more than seven superior alleles and could be used as parental materials for breeding wheat varieties with high brightness and whiteness flour.【Conclusion】Psy-A1, Pds-B1, Lcye-A1, Lcye-B1, Lox-B1, Ppo-A1, Ppo-D1, Pod-2D and 1B/1R translocation significantly influence flour color and exhibit strong breeding practicability. Twenty-two wheat varieties, such as Zhengyin1, Zimai12 and Wanmai19, can be used as excellent parents for flour color improvement.

Key words: Triticum aestivum, flour color, molecular marker, superior alleles, breeding utilization

ZHAI ShengNan, LÜ YingYing, HE ZhongHu, XIA XianChun, MA RuiFeng, WANG Ying, LI FaJi, CAO XinYou, LI HaoSheng, HAN Ran, WANG XiaoLu, LI JiHu, LIU JianJun. Analysis of the Breeding Utilization Effects of Loci Related to Wheat Flour Color[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2026, 59(10): 2061-2074.

Figures/Tables 10

Table 1

Primer information of molecular markers for loci related to flour color"

基因 Gene	标记 Marker	引物序列 Sequence (5′-3′)	扩增片段 Fragment size (bp)	等位基因 Allele	表型 Phenotype	参考文献 Reference
Psy-A1	YP7A	F: GGACCTTGCTGATGACCGAG	194	Psy-A1a	高YPC High YPC	[6]
Psy-A1	YP7A	R: TGACGGTCTGAAGTGAGAATGA	231	Psy-A1b	低YPC Low YPC	[6]
Pds-B1	YP4B-1	F: AAGTTGGTGGGAGTTCCTGTC	652	Pds-B1b	－	[7]
	YP4B-1	R: TGTCAGCAATGACAAAAGGATGCAT				[7]
	YP4B-2	F: AAGTTGGTGGGAGTTCCTGTC	382	Pds-B1a	－	[7]
	YP4B-2	R: GTGAACTCCTGAAACAGAAAGATTG				[7]
Lcye-A1	e-LCY3A-3	F: GCAGCAAATAACTAGACCGGGCA	537	Lcye-A1a	－	[8]
Lcye-A1	e-LCY3A-3	R: TGAACTGGGGCACAAACCACG	309 & 230	Lcye-A1b	－	[8]
Lcye-B1	YP3B-1	F: GGATCGATCTCCTGAACAGGATGTC	635	Lcye-B1a	－	[7]
Lcye-B1	YP3B-1	R: CGGCGATGCTCCGATCAGTT	No	Lcye-B1b	－	[7]
Lox-B1	LOX16	F: CCATGACCTGATCCTTCCCTT	489	Lox-B1a	高LOX活性 High LOX activity	[10]
	LOX16	R: GCGCGGATAGGGGTGGT	489	Lox-B1a	高LOX活性 High LOX activity	[10]
	LOX18	F: ACGATGTGAGTTGTGACTTGTGA	791	Lox-B1b	低LOX活性 Low LOX activity	[10]
	LOX18	R: GCGCGGATAGGGGTGC	791	Lox-B1b	低LOX活性 Low LOX activity	[10]
Ppo-A1	PPO18	F: AACTGCTGGCTCTTCTTCCCA	685	Ppo-A1a	高PPO活性 High PPO activity	[13]
Ppo-A1	PPO18	R: AAGAAGTTGCCCATGTCCGC	876	Ppo-A1b	低PPO活性 Low PPO activity	[13]
Ppo-B1	F-8	F: ACCTTGACTCCAGTGGGACC	400	Ppo-B1a	高PPO活性 High PPO activity	[14]
Ppo-B1	F-8	R: CCGAGTAGAAGTTGCCCAT	400 & 600	Ppo-B1b	低PPO活性 Low PPO activity	[14]
Ppo-D1	PPO16	F: TGCTGACCGACCTTGACTCC	713	Ppo-D1a	低PPO活性 Low PPO activity	[15]
	PPO16	R: CTCGTCACCGTCACCCGTAT	713	Ppo-D1a	低PPO活性 Low PPO activity	[15]
	PPO29	F: TGAAGCTGCCGGTCATCTAC	490	Ppo-D1b	高PPO活性 High PPO activity	[15]
	PPO29	R: AAGTTGCCCATGTCCTCGCC	490	Ppo-D1b	高PPO活性 High PPO activity	[15]
Pod-A1	POD-3A1	F: ACGGGAGACGACGAGAAGCAAAG	291	Pod-A1a	低POD活性 Low POD activity	[18]
	POD-3A1	R: TCGTGGAAGTGTAGGCGAAGA	291	Pod-A1a	低POD活性 Low POD activity	[18]
	POD-3A2	F: GTGGCGCAGGGCCTGTCA	766	Pod-A1b	高POD活性 High POD activity	[18]
	POD-3A2	R: GTTGTCGAACACGTTGGGGGA	766	Pod-A1b	高POD活性 High POD activity	[18]
Pod-D1	POD-7D1	F: GCTTCGTCCAGGACGCGTT	540	Pod-D1a	低POD活性 Low POD activity	[19]
	POD-7D1	R: CGAGGAATGGGGGGTTGATG	540	Pod-D1a	低POD活性 Low POD activity	[19]
	POD-7D6	F: TGGGCATGGGGCTTCTGCA	640	Pod-D1b	高POD活性 High POD activity	[19]
	POD-7D6	R: GCGAGGAATGGGGGGTTGATG	640	Pod-D1b	高POD活性 High POD activity	[19]
Pod-2D	Excalibur_c95720 _329-KASP	FAM: GAAGGTGACCAAGTTCATGCTccggacatcatgagggcA		Pod-2D-AA	低POD活性 Low POD activity	[20]
		HEX: GAAGGTCGGAGTCAACGGATTccggacatcatgagggcG		Pod-2D-GG	高POD活性 High POD activity
		Common: GCTCCAACTCATCCAGCGTA		Pod-2D-AG	中等POD活性 Moderate POD activity
1B/1R	H2O	F: GTTGGAAGGGAGCTCGAGCTG	1598	1B/1R	高YPC High YPC	[22]
1B/1R	H2O	R: GTTGGGCAGAAAGGTCGACATC	No	非1B/1R Non-1B/1R translocation	低YPC Low YPC	[22]

Table 1

Table 2

Table 3

Table 4

The effect of different alleles on flour color"

基因 Gene	等位基因 Allele	样本数 No. of sample	频率 Frequency (%)	黄色素含量 YPC (μg·g^-1)		*L值 L* value**		*a值 a* value**		*b值 b* value**		白度 Whiteness
基因 Gene	等位基因 Allele	样本数 No. of sample	频率 Frequency (%)	平均值±标准差 Mean±SD	范围 Range	平均值±标准差 Mean±SD	范围 Range	平均值±标准差 Mean±SD	范围 Range	平均值±标准差 Mean±SD	范围 Range	平均值±标准差 Mean±SD	范围 Range
Psy-A1	a	108	65.06	1.34±0.39**	0.62-2.96	90.09±0.95**	87.12-92.02	-0.98±0.33**	-1.78--0.09	9.57±1.89**	5.88-14.69	86.15±1.86**	81.36-89.94
Psy-A1	b	58	34.94	0.87±0.30	0.57-1.92	90.67±0.91	88.46-92.16	-0.65±0.29	-1.51--0.09	7.45±1.56	5.21-12.51	88.01±1.60	83.81-90.30
Pds-B1	a	132	79.52	1.19±0.43	0.57-2.96	90.18±0.95**	87.12-92.16	-0.86±0.34	-1.78--0.09	9.00±2.02*	5.42-14.69	86.62±1.96*	81.36-90.18
Pds-B1	b	34	20.48	1.13±0.43	0.57-2.20	90.72±0.97	88.46-92.13	-0.87±0.38	-1.67--0.13	8.12±1.84	5.21-12.51	87.48±1.94	83.16-90.30
Lcye-A1	a	4	2.41	1.04±0.31	0.68-1.42	89.13±0.11*	89.01-89.20	-0.67±0.46	-1.26--0.17	9.38±0.97	8.17-10.36	85.85±0.59	85.02-86.30
Lcye-A1	b	162	97.59	1.18±0.43	0.57-2.96	90.33±0.94	87.12-92.16	-0.87±0.35	-1.78--0.09	8.82±2.06	5.21-14.69	86.82±2.00	81.36-90.30
Lcye-B1	a	56	33.73	1.30±0.44**	0.58-2.96	90.16±0.89	88.34-91.97	-0.96±0.35**	-1.78--0.09	9.39±2.07**	5.41-13.64	86.32±1.96*	82.90-90.30
Lcye-B1	b	110	66.27	1.12±0.41	0.57-2.47	90.36±1.01	87.12-92.16	-0.82±0.34	-1.75--0.09	8.55±1.98	5.21-14.69	87.04±1.95	81.36-90.30
Lox-B1	a	43	26.38	1.14±0.40	0.61-2.04	90.57±0.95*	88.43-92.13	-0.86±0.30	-1.65--0.30	8.23±1.79*	5.81-11.85	87.25±1.98*	83.10-90.19
Lox-B1	b	120	73.62	1.20±0.44	0.57-2.96	90.20±0.96	87.12-92.16	-0.87±0.37	-1.78--0.09	9.02±2.04	5.21-14.69	86.62±1.96	81.36-90.30
Ppo-A1	a	81	49.09	1.23±0.45	0.58-2.96	90.30±0.92	88.63-92.11	-0.93±0.33*	-1.78--0.40	8.99±2.05	5.41-14.69	86.70±1.95	81.36-90.30
Ppo-A1	b	84	50.91	1.13±0.41	0.57-2.20	90.27±1.04	87.12-92.16	-0.81±0.34	-1.65--0.09	8.70±2.05	5.21-13.26	86.87±2.01	83.10-90.30
Ppo-B1	a	133	80.12	1.18±0.44	0.57-2.96	90.25±0.97	87.12-92.16	-0.86±0.36	-1.78--0.09	8.87±2.05	5.21-14.69	86.74±1.96	81.36-90.30
Ppo-B1	b	33	19.88	1.17±0.36	0.69-2.21	90.44±0.99	88.86-92.11	-0.88±0.32	-1.75--0.30	8.66±2.06	5.85-13.93	87.02±2.05	82.53-90.06
Ppo-D1	a	95	57.23	1.14±0.40	0.57-2.47	90.22±0.95	87.12-91.87	-0.81±0.32*	-1.56---0.09	8.76±2.05	5.21-14.69	86.80±1.97	81.36-90.30
Ppo-D1	b	71	42.77	1.23±0.46	0.58-2.96	90.39±1.01	88.46-92.16	-0.92±0.37	-1.78--0.09	8.93±2.05	5.41-13.64	86.80±2.01	82.90-90.30
Pod-A1	a	72	47.68	1.16±0.40	0.57-1.96	90.38±0.98	88.46-92.16	-0.86±0.35	-1.51--0.09	8.65±2.00	5.21-12.51	86.98±1.94	83.75-90.30
Pod-A1	b	79	52.32	1.18±0.41	0.60-2.47	90.18±0.96	87.12-92.02	-0.86±0.34	-1.67--0.09	8.99±1.98	5.41-14.69	86.61±1.93	81.36-90.30
Pod-D1	a	64	43.54	1.19±0.39	0.61-2.47	90.26±0.98	87.12-91.97	-0.86±0.33	-1.56--0.09	8.86±1.95	5.41-14.69	86.76±1.92	81.36-90.30
Pod-D1	b	83	56.46	1.15±0.42	0.57-2.20	90.32±0.98	88.34-92.16	-0.85±0.36	-1.67--0.09	8.73±2.03	5.21-13.26	86.88±1.96	83.10-90.30
Pod-2D	AA	60	36.14	1.16±0.48	0.57-2.96	90.05±0.83*	88.46-92.16	-0.85±0.40	-1.78--0.09	9.04±1.93	5.21-13.64	86.50±1.76*	82.90-90.30
	AG	25	15.06	1.06±0.49	0.58-2.47	90.65±1.02	88.63-92.13	-0.81±0.34	-1.75--0.38	8.09±2.44	5.42-14.69	87.55±2.34	81.36-90.19
	GG	81	48.80	1.23±0.37	0.60-2.20	90.37±0.95	87.12-92.02	-0.89±0.31	-1.67--0.09	8.91±1.97	5.53-13.26	86.78±1.97	83.10-89.96
1B/1R	N	85	51.20	0.97±0.30**	0.57-2.20	90.47±1.01*	87.12-92.16	-0.72±0.28**	-1.67--0.09	8.03±1.75**	5.21-13.26	87.45±1.85**	83.17-90.30
1B/1R	Y	81	48.80	1.39±0.44	0.57-2.96	90.15±0.84	88.34-92.02	-1.02±0.35	-1.78--0.09	9.67±2.01	5.33-14.69	86.11±1.88	81.36-90.08

Table 4

Fig. 1

Table 5

Fig. 2

Table 6

Table 7

Table 8

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性状 Trait	环境 Environment	平均值 Mean	标准差 Standard deviation	范围 Range	变异系数 Coefficient of variation (%)
黄色素含量 YPC (μg·g^-1)	2020济南2020JN	1.15	0.42	0.53-2.80	36.83
	2020德州2020DZ	1.19	0.45	0.51-2.76	37.69
	2021济南2021JN	1.09	0.41	0.52-3.06	37.56
	2021德州2021DZ	1.28	0.46	0.61-3.23	35.52
	平均Mean	1.18	0.43	0.57-2.96	36.36
L值 L value	2020济南2020JN	90.06	1.05	87.24-92.25	1.17
	2020德州2020DZ	90.02	1.07	86.69-92.06	1.18
	2021济南2021JN	90.45	1.05	87.66-92.61	1.16
	2021德州2021DZ	90.64	1.03	86.89-92.75	1.14
	平均Mean	90.29	0.97	87.12-92.16	1.08
a* a* value	2020济南2020JN	-0.78	0.34	-1.62-0.01	43.57
	2020德州2020DZ	-0.80	0.37	-1.71-0.14	46.08
	2021济南2021JN	-0.94	0.38	-2.12-0.07	40.45
	2021德州2021DZ	-0.94	0.38	-1.91-0.02	40.10
	平均Mean	-0.86	0.35	-1.78-0.09	40.64
b* b* value	2020济南2020JN	8.42	1.94	5.02-14.16	23.02
	2020德州2020DZ	8.51	1.95	5.17-13.70	22.95
	2021济南2021JN	9.14	2.28	5.46-15.76	24.96
	2021德州2021DZ	9.26	2.26	5.11-15.16	24.42
	平均Mean	8.83	2.04	5.21-14.69	23.15
白度 Whiteness	2020济南2020JN	86.90	1.90	81.84-90.37	2.18
	2020德州2020DZ	86.80	1.92	82.00-90.38	2.21
	2021济南2021JN	86.69	2.21	80.48-90.65	2.55
	2021德州2021DZ	86.75	2.21	81.08-90.73	2.54
	平均Mean	86.78	1.98	81.35-90.30	2.28

变异来源 Source of variation	自由度 Df	黄色素含量 YPC (μg·g^-1)		*L值 L* value**		*a值 a* value**		*b值 b* value**		白度 Whiteness
变异来源 Source of variation	自由度 Df	平方和 Sum of squares	F 值 F value	平方和 Sum of squares	F 值 F value	平方和 Sum of squares	F 值 F value	平方和 Sum of squares	F 值 F value	平方和 Sum of squares	F 值 F value
环境Environment	3	6.40	318.40**	88.18	299.04**	7.22	398.13**	176.15	567.65**	7.05	17.81**
重复Replicate	4	0.55	20.66**	2.14	5.44*	0.13	5.24*	2.25	5.43*	2.55	4.83*
基因型Genotype	165	238.31	215.66**	1230.80	75.89**	158.55	158.92**	5452.96	319.50**	5105.17	234.58**
基因型×环境Genotype×Environment	495	6.91	2.09**	196.77	4.04**	13.97	4.67**	378.18	7.39**	450.64	6.90**
误差Error	636	4.26		62.51		3.85		65.79		83.88

优异等位基因数目 Number of superior alleles	品种 Varieties (lines)
9	郑引1号、淄麦12 Zhengyin1, Zimai12
8	皖麦19、皖麦50、皖麦52、阿夫、临麦4号、烟农15 Wanmai19, Wanmai50, Wanmai52, Funo, Linmai4, Yannong15
7	矮丰3号、丰产3号、阜936、皖麦53、宿0663、宿农6号、良星99、烟农19、临麦2号、鲁麦23、鲁麦6号、石家庄15、小偃22、小偃81 Aifeng3, Fengchan3, Fu936, Wanmai53, Su0663, Sunong6, Liangxing99, Yannong19, Linmai2, Lumai23, Lumai6, Shijiazhuang15, Xiaoyan22, Xiaoyan81

优异等位基因数目 Number of superior alleles	品种数 Number of sample	黄色素含量 YPC (μg·g^-1)	*L值 L* value**	*a值 a* value**	*b值 b* value**	白度 Whiteness
1	4	1.95A	89.88C	-1.36D	11.65A	84.49D
2	10	1.34B	89.79C	-1.00C	10.01B	85.63CD
3	22	1.31B	90.06C	-0.96BC	9.53B	86.17C
4	44	1.32B	90.26BC	-0.97BC	9.26B	86.47C
5	37	1.11BC	90.22BC	-0.83ABC	8.79B	86.77C
6	27	1.03BC	90.28BC	-0.73ABC	8.32BC	87.16BC
7	14	0.85C	90.95AB	-0.64A	7.03CD	88.50AB
8	6	0.83C	91.23A	-0.67AB	6.68D	88.95A
9	2	0.83	90.87	-0.63	6.98	88.50

地区 Region	黄色素含量 YPC (μg·g^-1)	*L值 L* value**	*a值 a* value**	*b值 b* value**	白度 Whiteness
国外Foreign	1.33A	89.85BC	-0.87AB	9.56A	85.98B
中国安徽Anhui, China	1.01B	91.14A	-0.82AB	7.51B	88.32A
中国河北Hebei, China	0.99B	89.80C	-0.69A	8.77A	86.49B
中国河南Henan, China	1.29A	90.35BC	-0.95B	9.07A	86.68B
中国山东Shandong, China	1.19AB	90.42B	-0.94B	8.92A	86.83B
中国陕西Shaanxi, China	1.01B	90.13BC	-0.70A	8.44AB	86.94B

Analysis of the Breeding Utilization Effects of Loci Related to Wheat Flour Color

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基因 Gene	等位基因 Allele	分布频率Distribution frequences (%)
基因 Gene	等位基因 Allele	总计 Total	国外 Foreign	中国安徽 Anhui, China	中国河北 Hebei, China	中国河南 Henan, China	中国山东 Shandong, China	中国陕西 Shaanxi, China
Psy-A1	a	65.06	90.91	26.67	42.86	81.48	72.73	40.00
Psy-A1	b	34.94	9.09	73.33	57.14	18.52	27.27	60.00
Pds-B1	a	79.52	90.91	80.00	78.57	83.33	66.67	80.00
Pds-B1	b	20.48	9.09	20.00	21.43	16.67	33.33	20.00
Lcye-A1	a	2.41	9.09	0.00	7.14	1.85	0.00	0.00
Lcye-A1	b	97.59	90.91	100.00	92.86	98.15	100.00	100.00
Lcye-B1	a	33.73	27.27	13.33	21.43	51.85	39.39	16.00
Lcye-B1	b	66.27	72.73	86.67	78.57	48.15	60.61	84.00
Lox-B1	a	26.38	9.09	53.33	7.14	22.64	51.61	16.00
Lox-B1	b	73.62	90.91	46.67	92.86	77.36	48.39	84.00
Ppo-A1	a	49.09	68.18	20.00	57.14	71.70	24.24	32.00
Ppo-A1	b	50.91	31.82	80.00	42.86	28.30	75.76	68.00
Ppo-D1	a	57.23	54.55	33.33	71.43	74.07	51.52	36.00
Ppo-D1	b	42.77	45.45	66.67	28.57	25.93	48.48	64.00
Pod-2D	AA	36.14	45.45	33.33	42.86	25.93	18.18	64.00
	GG	48.80	40.91	20.00	28.57	61.11	72.73	32.00
	AG	15.06	13.64	46.67	28.57	12.96	9.09	4.00
1B/1R	N	51.20	68.18	80.00	28.57	31.48	63.64	64.00
1B/1R	Y	48.80	31.82	20.00	71.43	68.52	36.36	36.00

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