晋南黄土旱塬小麦养分投入与化肥减施经济环境效应评价

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2021.13.010

Abstract

Abstract:

【Objective】 The aim of this study was to clarify situation of the farmers’ nutrient application, so as to provide a theory base for the realization of stable and high yield, high nutrient use efficiency, and lower environmental pollution in dryland wheat production. 【Method】 A 9-yr survey of 984 farmers was carried out, and a yield based fertilizer recommendation method were used to analyze and evaluate their nutrient applications and the fertilizer reduction potential and economic-environmental benefits in Loess Plateau. 【Result】 The farmers’ wheat yield was lower, with the average of 3 711 kg·hm^-2, and they were allocated into three groups as: low (≤3 200 kg·hm^-2) and moderate (3 200-4 220 kg·hm^-2), respectively, accounting for 56.0% and 18.1% of the total farmers. Farmers’ nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P₂O₅) and potassium (K₂O) applic^-2, 159.8 kg P₂O₅·hm^-2 and 92.0 kg K₂O·hm^-2. And the proportion of the high-application farmers were N 68.7% and P₂O₅ 65.1% and K₂O 57.9%, respectively, which was large in low-yield level. Generally, these high-application farmers were recommended to reduce 24.1 kg N·hm^-2, 12.8 kg P₂O₅·hm^-2, and 6.2 kg K₂O·hm^-2, and the reduction range was N 15.9%, P 16.7% and K 16.7%, respectively, but these very high-application farmers were recommended to reduce 250.9 kg N·hm^-2, 205.7 kg P₂O₅·hm^-2, and 124.6 kg K₂O·hm^-2, and the reduction range was 66.5%, 76.7%, and 80.0%, respectively. Then, their economic effects increased by 251 yuan/hm² and 3 425 yuan/hm², 4.0% and 55.0%, NPK agronomic efficiency increased by N 18.8%, P 23.2%, and K 22.1% for the high farmers, and N 192.5%, P 321.3%, and K 388.1% for the very high farmers. NPK partial productivity increased by N 20.2%, P 23.7%, and K 19.2%, and N 210.4%, P 317.9%, K 388.1%, respectively. According to the estimation, the environmental impact of reducing nitrogen application was that emission of the N-pollutant reduced, such as N ₂O emission decreased by 0.3 kg N₂O·hm^-2 and 6.3 kg N₂O·hm^-2, 11.2% and 72.5%, NH₃ volatilization decreased by 14.1 kg NH₃·hm^-2 and 90.7 kg NH₃·hm^-2, 20.8% and 62.8%, and NO₃ leaching decreased by 3.1 kg NO₃·hm^-2 and 231.1 kg NO₃·hm^-2, 4.9% and 79.6%, respectively. Total nitrogen pollutants (including N₂O emission, NH₃volatilization and NO₃ leaching) reduced 17.4 kg·hm^-2 and 328.1 kg·hm^-2, with 13.1% and 74.0%, respectively. In total, 12.5 kg N·hm^-2 and 130.9 kg N·hm^-2 with 65.0 yuan/hm² and 683.3 yuan/hm²were saved, respectively. 【Conclusion】 In this paper, based on the wheat yield, the farmer's fertilization was evaluated, and the potential of reducing excessive fertilization was estimated, and the economic benefits and the effect of the reducing nitrogen-pollutants emission were analyzed through reducing fertilizer application. It was known that the farmers with high and very-high fertilizer application not only had different potential for reducing fertilizer application,such as 24.1-250.9 kg N·hm^-2, 12.8-205.7 kg P₂O₅·hm^-2, 6.2-124.6 kg K₂O·hm^-2, but also farmers' economic benefits was improved by 251-3 425 yuan/hm², and fertilizer agronomic efficiency was improved by N 18.8%-192.5%, P 23.2%-321.3%, K 22.1%-388.1%,and partial productivity was improved by N 20.2%-210.4%, P 23.7%-317.9%, K 19.2%-388.1%, and the emission of total nitrogen pollutants (including N₂O, NH₃and NO₃) was reduced by 17.4-328.1 kg·hm^-2. This study comprehensively and systematically revealed the resource and environmental problems, challenges and opportunities in the current dry wheat production, which provided a certain theoretical basis for an environment-friendly fertilization with saving cost and increasing efficiency.

Key words: Loess Plateau, winter wheat, nutrient application, fertilizer reduction, economic-environmental effects

MA HongMei,CAO HanBing,XIE YingHe,LI TingLiang,LIU Kai,ZHANG QiRu,JIANG LiWei,CAO Jing,SHAO JingLin,WU WenYue,LI WenQi. Evaluation on Fertilizer Application and Its Economic-Environmental Benefits Associated with Fertilizer Reduction Potential for Dryland Wheat in Loess Plateau of Southern Shanxi Province[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2021, 54(13): 2804-2817.

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Figures/Tables 8

Table 1

Table 2

Fig. 1

Table 3

Table 4

Table 5

Table 6

Effects of before and after fertilizer reduction on wheat yield, economic benefits and nutrient utilization"

养分投入分级 Nutrient input level	减肥前后 Before or after fertilization reduced	指标 Index		产量水平Yield level（kg·hm^-2）
养分投入分级 Nutrient input level	减肥前后 Before or after fertilization reduced	指标 Index		≤2200	2200-3200	3200-4200	4200-5200	>5200	Mean
适中 Middle	减肥前 Before fertilization reduced	纯收入Net income（yuan/hm²）		1793	3581	6381	8291	16292	7268
		农学效率 Agronomic efficiency (kg·kg^-1)	N	7.9	14.3	18.9	20.1	25.5	17.3
			P	15.9	28.8	38.4	42.9	57.6	36.7
			K	34.5	60.8	72.1	86.9	88.1	68.5
		偏生产力 Partial productivity (kg·kg^-1)	N	29.1	30.7	30.0	29.0	31.1	30.0
			P	58.6	61.6	61.1	62.0	70.3	62.7
			K	127.2	129.9	114.5	125.5	107.5	120.9
	减肥后 After fertilization reduced	纯收入Net income（yuan/hm²）		1800	3568	6402	8294	16272	7267
		农学效率 Agronomic efficiency (kg·kg^-1)	N	8.2	14.6	19	20.5	25.6	17.6
			P	16.6	29.7	38.7	41.7	52.1	35.8
			K	33.8	60.4	78.9	85	106.2	72.9
		偏生产力 Partial productivity（kg·kg^-1）		29.8（N）、60.6（P）、123.5（K）。下同The same as below
高 High	减肥前 Before fertilization reduced	纯收入Net income（yuan/hm²）		1015	3346	5815	7995	12982	6231
		农学效率 Agronomic efficiency (kg·kg^-1)	N	3.6	11.6	15.2	18.1	20.5	13.8
			P	7.3	22.5	31.3	35.0	39.7	27.1
			K	17.9	48.0	61.8	69.7	81.1	55.7
		偏生产力 Partial productivity（kg·kg^-1）	N	22.7	24.8	24.6	26.1	25.9	24.8
			P	45.2	48.1	50.8	50.6	50.4	49.0
			K	111.2	102.9	100.3	100.8	102.9	103.6
	减肥后 After fertilization reduced	纯收入Net income（yuan/hm²）		1147	3541	6073	8258	13389	6482
		农学效率 Agronomic efficiency (kg·kg^-1)	N	4.4	14.2	18.5	20.8	24.2	16.4
			P	9.0	28.8	37.7	42.3	49.3	33.4
			K	18.3	58.7	76.7	86.1	100.4	68.0
很高 Very high	减肥前 Before fertilization reduced	纯收入Net income（yuan/hm²）		-908	1044	3241	3115	8576	3014
		农学效率 Agronomic efficiency (kg·kg^-1)	N	0.1	4.1	6.4	6.9	9.0	5.3
			P	0.2	6.7	10.2	7.4	13.1	7.5
			K	0.4	12.6	19.3	13.0	20.5	13.2
		偏生产力 Partial productivity（kg·kg^-1）	N	7.8	8.8	10.5	9.8	11.4	9.6
			P	14.6	14.0	16.8	10.6	16.6	14.5
			K	23.4	26.9	31.1	18.8	26	25.3
	减肥后 After fertilization reduced	纯收入Net income（yuan/hm²）		580	3593	5980	8377	13666	6439
		农学效率 (kg·kg^-1) Agronomic efficiency	N	0.5	14.0	18.2	20.7	24.2	15.5
			P	1.0	28.5	37.0	42.2	49.3	31.6
			K	2.0	58.0	75.4	85.9	100.4	64.3

Table 6

Fig. 2

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养分分级 Different levels of fertilizer application	分级标准 Classification standard
不施肥No	0
很低Very low	0-70%RF
低Low	70%-90%RF
适中Middle	90%-110%RF
高High	110%-130%RF
很高Very high	≥130%RF

年份 Year	样本数 Sample	产量水平农户比例 Farmer’s proportion in yield level (%)					平均产量 Mean yield (kg·hm^-2)	养分投入量 Nutrient input rate (kg·hm^-2)
年份 Year	样本数 Sample	≤2200	2200-3200	3200-4200	4200-5200	>5200	平均产量 Mean yield (kg·hm^-2)	N	P₂O₅	K₂O
2008-2009	150	10.7	26.7	24.0	21.3	17.3	3735	264.2	103.7	28.9
2009-2010	95	3.2	50.5	24.2	13.7	8.4	3401	369.3	252.7	153.6
2010-2011	58	12.1	60.3	1.7	0.0	25.9	3282	207.8	90.3	56.7
2011-2012	84	31.0	13.1	9.5	13.1	33.3	3525	109.2	91.2	28.8
2012-2013	76	60.5	28.9	7.9	0.0	2.6	2146	83.2	49.1	19.7
2013-2014	150	5.3	24.7	20.0	26.7	23.3	4186	202.5	115	40.8
2014-2015	125	12.0	41.6	33.6	7.2	5.6	3643	250.5	143.5	71.5
2015-2016	138	31.2	43.5	22.5	2.2	0.7	3208	145.3	75.0	40.2
2016-2017	108	0.0	49.1	19.4	13.9	17.6	4111	204.3	95.9	60.7
平均Mean		18.4	37.6	18.1	10.9	15.0	3711	292.3	159.8	92.0
总计All	984

氮投入分级 N input level	指标 Index	产量水平Yield level（kg·hm^-2）
氮投入分级 N input level	指标 Index	≤2200	2200-3200	3200-4200	4200-5200	>5200	平均 Mean
适中 Middle	FF（kg N·hm^-2）	66.0	85.8	125.8	156.8	248.8	136.6
	RF（kg N·hm^-2）	63.8	84.5	125.1	153.9	247.6	135.0
	RN（kg N·hm^-2）	-2.2	-1.3	-0.7	-2.9	-1.1	-1.6
	△(%)	3.3	1.5	0.5	1.8	0.5	1.2
高 High	FF（kg N·hm^-2）	73.6	105.6	148.1	173.6	254.9	151.2
	RF（kg N·hm^-2）	60.6	86.5	121.6	151.2	215.4	127.1
	RN（kg N·hm^-2）	13.0	19.1	26.5	22.4	39.5	24.1
	△(%)	17.7	18.1	17.9	12.9	15.5	15.9
很高 Very high	FF（kg N·hm^-2）	182.8	302.3	345.3	465.1	591.5	377.4
	RF（kg N·hm^-2））	47.9	89.0	121.9	153.9	219.9	126.5
	RN（kg N·hm^-2）	134.9	213.3	223.4	311.2	371.6	250.9
	△(%)	73.8	70.6	64.7	66.9	62.8	66.5

磷投入分级 P input level	指标 Index	产量水平Yield level（kg·hm^-2）
磷投入分级 P input level	指标 Index	≤2200	2200-3200	3200-4200	4200-5200	>5200	平均 Mean
适中 Middle	FF（kg P₂O₅·hm^-2）	32.8	42.7	61.8	73.4	110.1	64.2
	RF（kg P₂O₅·hm^-2）	33.5	44.6	60.0	74.7	112.9	65.1
	RN（kg P₂O₅·hm^-2）	-0.8	-1.8	-1.9	-1.2	-2.8	-1.0
	△(%)	-2.3	-4.3	-3.0	-1.7	-2.6	-1.5
高 High	FF（kg P₂O₅·hm^-2）	36.9	54.5	71.9	89.7	131.3	76.9
	RF（kg P₂O₅·hm^-2）	29.8	44.7	59.9	75.4	110.3	64.0
	RN（kg P₂O₅·hm^-2）	7.1	9.9	12.0	14.4	20.9	12.8
	△(%)	19.1	18.1	16.6	16.0	16.0	16.7
很高 Very high	FF（kg P₂O₅·hm^-2）	98.1	187.2	217.4	432.7	405.7	268.2
	RF（kg P₂O₅·hm^-2）	23.7	43.3	60.2	75.4	110.0	62.5
	RN（kg P₂O₅·hm^-2）	74.4	143.9	157.1	357.3	295.7	205.7
	△(%)	75.8	76.9	72.3	82.6	72.9	76.7

钾投入分级 K input level	指标 Index	产量水平Yield level（kg·hm^-2）
钾投入分级 K input level	指标 Index	≤2200	2200-3200	3200-4200	4200-5200	>5200	平均 Mean
适中 Middle	FF（kg K₂O·hm^-2）	15.1	20.3	33.0	36.3	72.0	35.3
	RF（kg K₂O·hm^-2）	14.9	21.7	32.2	36.9	73.0	35.7
	RN（kg K₂O·hm^-2）	0.2	-1.4	0.8	-0.6	-1.0	-0.4
	△(%)	1.6	-7.1	2.4	-1.7	-1.4	-1.1
高 High	FF（kg K₂O·hm^-2）	15.0	25.5	36.4	45.0	64.3	37.2
	RF（kg K₂O·hm^-2）	12.6	21.0	29.9	36.8	54.6	31.0
	RN（kg K₂O·hm^-2）	2.4	4.5	6.4	8.2	9.6	6.2
	△(%)	15.7	17.7	17.7	18.2	15.0	16.7
很高 Very high	FF（kg K₂O·hm^-2）	60.4	98.9	114.8	245.5	259.0	155.7
	RF（kg K₂O·hm^-2）	11.4	21.6	28.9	37.3	56.3	31.1
	RN（kg K₂O·hm^-2）	48.9	77.3	85.9	208.1	202.7	124.6
	△(%)	81.0	78.2	74.8	84.8	78.2	80.0

Evaluation on Fertilizer Application and Its Economic-Environmental Benefits Associated with Fertilizer Reduction Potential for Dryland Wheat in Loess Plateau of Southern Shanxi Province

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