有机肥替代化肥对旱地小麦产量和养分利用效率的影响及其经济环境效应

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2020.23.012

Abstract

Abstract:

【Objective】In order to provide the fertilization basis for scientific and efficient production of dryland wheat, the effects of organic fertilizer and biological organic fertilizer replacing chemical fertilizer on wheat yield, nutrient utilization, economy and soil environment were monitored continuously for 5 years. 【Method】From 2013 to 2018 in the dryland wheat field area of Hongtong County, Shanxi Province, there were four different fertilization patterns, including farmer pattern (FP), optimized fertilizers pattern (OF), optimized fertilizers+organic fertilizers pattern (OFM), and optimized fertilizers+biological organic fertilizers pattern (OFB), which were used to analyze the effects on the yield composition, economic benefits, nutrient absorption and transfer characteristics, fertilizer use efficiency, and soil environment of dry wheat in the Loess Plateau. 【Result】(1) Compared with the FP treatment, the average nitrogen fertilizer application was reduced by 35%, and the grain yield was significantly increased by 17.2%-21.4%, and net income was significantly increased by 44.3%-54.7% under OFM and OFB treatments, respectively; compared with the OF treatment, the average nitrogen substitution rate of OFM and OFB in five years was 40%, the spike number per hectare and 1000 grain weight were increased, and the grain yield was significantly increased by 6.0%-9.8%, and net income was significantly increased by 12.9%-21.0% under OFM and OFB treatments, respectively. (2) Compared with OF treatment, the contents of nitrogen in grain was significantly increased by 9.6%-12.8%, and the contents of phosphorus in grain was significantly increased by 12.5%-17.9% under OFM and OFB treatments, respectively; the transport amount at pre-anthesis of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium of grain and the soil absorption after bloom were also increased, especially the soil absorption of nitrogen and phosphorus after anthesis was significantly increased by 48.8%-50.5% and 70.5%-76.2% under OFM and OFB treatments, respectively.(3) Compared with the OF treatment, the agronomic efficiency and partial productivity of potassium fertilizer under OFM treatment were significantly increased by 33.9% and 6.2%, respectively. The results showed that the apparent recovery rate of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer was increased by 48.6% and 65.5%, the agronomic efficiency of nitrogen and potassium fertilizer up by 71.3% and 51.3%, respectively, and the partial productivity was increased by 20.3% and 10.0%, respectively. (4)Organic fertilizers and biological organic fertilizers instead of chemical fertilizer increased soil fertility (organic matter, total nitrogen, available phosphorus, available potassium contents), nitrate nitrogen residue in soil surface was significantly decreased by 9.6%-23.0%, and there was no obvious leaching phenomenon of nitrate nitrogen in 2 m soil layer after 5 years. 【Conclusion】Instead of chemical fertilizer, organic fertilizers and biological organic fertilizers could improve the absorption of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in wheat grain, promote the absorption of nitrogen and phosphorus in soil after anthesis, improve the utilization efficiency of fertilizer, and significantly reduce the residue of nitrate nitrogen in soil, and alleviate soil alkalization, which was helpful to improve soil fertility and ultimately obtain higher economic and environmental benefits. Therefore, it was an important measure for the efficient and sustainable production of dryland wheat fields and the development of green agriculture.

Key words: dryland wheat, organic fertilizer replacing chemical fertilizer, yield efficiency, environmental effects

ZHANG QiRu,XIE YingHe,LI TingLiang,LIU Kai,JIANG LiWei,CAO Jing,SHAO JingLin. Effects of Organic Fertilizers Replacing Chemical Fertilizers on Yield, Nutrient Use Efficiency, Economic and Environmental Benefits of Dryland Wheat[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2020, 53(23): 4866-4878.

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Figures/Tables 7

Table 1

Table 2

Composition and benefits of wheat production from 2013 to 2018"

年度 Year	处理Treatment	籽粒产量 Grain yield (kg·hm^-2)	生物产量 Biological yield (kg·hm^-2)	产量构成Yield component			成本 Cost (yuan/hm²)	产量收入 Income (yuan/hm²)	纯收入 Net profit (yuan/hm²)
年度 Year	处理Treatment	籽粒产量 Grain yield (kg·hm^-2)	生物产量 Biological yield (kg·hm^-2)	公顷穗数 Spike number (×10⁴·hm^-2)	穗粒数 Kernel number per spike	千粒重 1000-grain weight (g)	成本 Cost (yuan/hm²)	产量收入 Income (yuan/hm²)	纯收入 Net profit (yuan/hm²)
2013—2014	FP	4562.7c	9948.3c	480.2c	19.5a	48.9a	5853.0	10950.4	5097.4d
	OF	5245.9b	12565.7b	533.6b	19.7a	47.7a	6162.3	12590.1	6427.9c
	OFM	5685.8a	12591.6ab	597.6a	19.0a	50.1a	5879.5	13645.9	7766.4b
	OFB	5893.9a	13235.2a	603.1a	20.6a	50.6a	5879.5	14145.3	8265.8a
2014—2015	FP	4716.0c	10222.8c	550.7c	23.8a	42.2b	5958.0	11318.5	5360.5d
	OF	5050.9b	11572.7b	641.3a	24.3a	42.1b	5632.3	12122.2	6489.9bc
	OFM	5236.3ab	12179.4a	557.0c	23.1a	43.6a	5705.0	12567.1	6862.1ab
	OFB	5400.0a	12559.0a	595.6b	23.6a	44.1a	5705.0	12960.0	7255.0a
2015—2016	FP	3334.1c	7367.2c	450.2bc	22.0b	41.7b	5958.0	8001.8	2043.8c
	OF	3825.4ab	8360.2ab	487.2b	21.6b	44.1a	5629.2	9180.9	3551.7ab
	OFM	3944.9ab	8152.9ab	447.3bc	25.2a	43.8a	5713.2	9467.8	3935.7ab
	OFB	4107.2a	8673.3a	513.7a	24.1a	44.2a	5713.2	9857.2	4325.1a
2016—2017	FP	5091.6c	11748.5c	507.4b	24.4ab	43.7ab	5958.0	12219.9	6261.9ab
	OF	5582.7b	12244.7b	550.2ab	24.8ab	43.2ab	5906.4	13398.4	7492.0ab
	OFM	5869.9a	13637.6a	567.4a	23.3b	43.3ab	6316.6	14087.8	7771.2a
	OFB	6062.6a	13356.4ab	571.2a	27.4a	44.5a	6316.6	14550.2	8233.6a
2017—2018	FP	2927.4c	9840.5ab	351.4ab	19.5a	37.9a	5958.0	7318.4	1360.4b
	OF	3100.4bc	9763.6ab	330.4b	19.7a	38.9a	5982.8	7751.1	1767.9b
	OFM	3440.3ab	11141.7a	395.9a	20.3a	39.9a	5896.8	8600.6	2703.6a
	OFB	3584.6a	11084.0a	416.6a	21.6a	41.0a	5896.8	8961.5	3064.4a
平均值Mean	FP	4126.4c	9825.5c	467.8b	21.9b	42.8b	5937.0	9961.8	4024.8c
	OF	4561.1b	10901.4b	508.4b	22.0ab	43.2b	5862.7	11008.5	5145.9b
	OFM	4835.5a	11540.6ab	512.7ab	22.2ab	44.4a	5902.2	11673.9	5807.8a
	OFB	5009.6a	11781.6a	539.9a	23.5a	45.0a	5902.2	12094.8	6228.8a

Table 2

Table 3

Table 4

Table 5

Table 6

Fig. 1

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处理 Treatment	年度Year
处理 Treatment	2013—2014	2014—2015	2015—2016	2016—2017	2017—2018
无机肥FP	150.0-60.0-0.0	150.0-60.0-0.0	150.0-60.0-0.0	150.0-60.0-0.0	150.0-60.0-0
无机肥OF	95.0-64.0-32.0	105.0-52.0-30.0	114.0-55.0-45.0	91.0-75.0-32.0	84.0-111.0-29.0
无机肥+有机肥 OFM	（52.0-0.0-0.0）+（43.0-64.0-32.0）	（47.0-0.0-0.0）+（58.0-52.0-30.0）	(76.0-0.0-14.0)+（38.0-55.0-31.0）	（64.0-22.0-0.0）+（27.0-53.0-32.0）	（60.0-62.0-0.0）+（24.0-49.0-29.0）
无机肥+生物有机肥 OFB	（52.0-0.0-0.0）+（43.0-64.0-32.0）	（47.0-0.0-0.0）+（58.0-52.0-30.0）	(76.0-0.0-14.0)+（38.0-55.0-31.0）	（64.0-22.0-0.0）+（27.0-53.0-32.0）	（60.0-62.0-0.0）+（24.0-49.0-29.0）

含量 Content	处理 Treatment	年份Year					平均值 Mean
含量 Content	处理 Treatment	2013—2014	2014—2015	2015—2016	2016—2017	2017—2018	平均值 Mean
氮 Nitrogen	FP	19.1c	21.4b	17.8a	15.2b	20.4b	18.8b
	OF	20.3b	21.1b	18.5a	16.8b	17.2c	18.8b
	OFM	20.9b	22.7a	19.9a	18.8a	21.0a	20.6a
	OFB	23.6a	22.5a	18.8a	19.7a	21.5a	21.2a
磷 Phosphorus	FP	4.4a	4.5a	6.0c	5.4d	5.2bc	5.1b
	OF	4.6a	4.4a	6.1bc	5.8c	5.2c	5.2b
	OFM	5.1a	4.6a	7.0ab	7.4b	5.7b	5.9a
	OFB	4.9a	4.9a	6.9a	7.7a	6.4a	6.1a
钾 Potassium	FP	3.7c	3.2a	3.7c	4.2b	5.8a	4.1b
	OF	4.8a	3.2a	4.6a	3.9b	5.3b	4.4ab
	OFM	4.2b	3.4a	4.6b	5.0a	6.1a	4.6a
	OFB	5.1a	3.6a	4.7a	4.8a	6.1a	4.9a

年度 Year	处理 Treatment	氮Nitrogen		磷Phosphorus		钾Potassium
年度 Year	处理 Treatment	转移量 Amount of translocation	吸收量 Amount of uptake	转移量 Amount of translocation	吸收量 Amount of uptake	转移量 Amount of translocation	吸收量 Amount of uptake
2013—2014	FP	76.9a	14.1d	16.0ab	4.0c	9.0b	7.9c
	OF	79.4a	18.5c	17.6a	6.6b	3.3c	18.9a
	OFM	71.5b	42.3b	11.0c	17.9a	6.0c	17.9a
	OFB	80.3a	53.7a	12.9c	15.7a	17.5a	12.4b
2014—2015	FP	59.2c	21.8b	11.6c	9.5b	4.4a	12.7ab
	OF	91.9ab	16.2bc	13.8a	8.5b	1.8a	15.1a
	OFM	95.9a	27.3b	12.7b	11.7a	7.8a	13.6ab
	OFB	87.6b	30.4a	13.7a	12.6a	6.7a	11.1b
2015—2016	FP	40.2b	13.4b	16.2b	3.6b	3.1b	9.4b
	OF	41.0b	13.2b	16.4b	7.0ab	4.1b	13.6a
	OFM	57.8a	20.5a	21.2a	6.2ab	8.9a	9.1b
	OFB	59.8a	17.2ab	20.0a	8.2a	10.1a	9.2b
2016—2017	FP	28.5d	48.8a	11.4a	9.7b	12.6a	8.6a
	OF	40.4c	53.3a	18.8b	4.6c	18.6a	3.2a
	OFM	51.5b	58.7a	20.5a	13.3a	17.1a	12.2a
	OFB	67.3a	52.2a	22.2a	10.2b	10.9a	18.0a
2017—2018	FP	46.7a	14.8b	13.4c	1.9a	6.7ab	9.9ab
	OF	44.8a	14.6b	13.4c	2.6a	8.8a	8.9b
	OFM	47.7a	23.6a	16.8b	2.8a	4.3b	16.5a
	OFB	56.1a	20.8ab	20.0a	2.9a	6.9ab	17.2a
平均值 Mean	FP	50.3b	22.6b	13.7a	5.8b	7.1a	9.7a
	OF	59.5ab	23.2b	16.0a	5.8b	7.3a	12.0a
	OFM	64.9a	34.5a	16.4a	10.3a	8.8a	13.9a
	OFB	70.2a	34.9a	17.7a	9.9a	10.4a	13.6a

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	表观回收率 Apparent recovery (%)			农学效率 Agronomic efficiency (kg·kg^-1)			偏生产力 Partial productivity (kg·kg^-1)
年份 Year	处理 Treatment	Nitrogen fertilizer	Phosphate fertilizer	Potassium fertilizer	Nitrogen fertilizer	Phosphate fertilizer	Potassium fertilizer	Nitrogen fertilizer	Phosphate fertilizer	Potassium fertilizer
2013—2014	FP	25.0a	18.0b	—	10.1a	25.2a	—	30.4b	76.0b	—
	OF	20.9b	16.3b	247.5a	8.1a	12.0b	24.0a	55.2ab	82.0b	163.9b
	OFM	22.1ab	27.0a	219.0b	7.5a	11.2b	22.4a	59.9a	88.8a	177.7a
	OFB	26.7a	26.6a	219.3b	8.3a	12.4b	24.7a	62.0a	92.1a	184.2a
2014—2015	FP	11.5c	17.2c	—	2.6b	6.4cd	—	31.4b	78.6b	—
	OF	20.6b	18.7c	40.2c	2.5b	5.1d	8.1b	48.1a	97.1a	168.4b
	OFM	24.8ab	36.2b	116.1ab	11.5a	10.3ab	18.6a	49.9a	100.7a	174.5a
	OFB	30.1a	48.8a	130.6a	13.1a	11.7a	21.4a	51.4a	103.9a	180.0a
2015—2016	FP	12.3b	14.7b	—	5.6b	9.7a	—	22.2b	55.6b	—
	OF	46.8a	29.1a	43.9b	20.7a	42.9a	52.4a	33.6a	69.6ab	85.0a
	OFM	51.5a	21.1ab	40.9b	21.6a	44.8a	54.8a	34.6a	71.7ab	87.7a
	OFB	58.2a	23.8ab	53.3a	25.2a	52.3a	63.9a	36.0a	74.7a	91.3a
2016—2017	FP	11.5c	27.2c	—	3.6b	3.6b	—	27.7c	69.2b	—
	OF	21.6b	28.7c	42.2c	5.5b	5.4b	8.1b	41.4b	50.2c	175.6b
	OFM	30.3a	48.8a	85.6a	12.0a	12.0a	21.4a	64.5a	78.3a	184.6a
	OFB	34.2a	48.6a	86.5a	13.1a	13.1a	20.6a	66.6a	80.8a	190.7a
2017—2018	FP	13.2b	33.0a	—	4.7b	11.8a	—	19.5c	48.8a	—
	OF	20.6b	10.4b	73.8b	7.4b	3.7b	14.2b	36.9b	27.9c	106.9b
	OFM	37.6a	19.0b	72.6b	13.4a	6.8b	25.9ab	41.0ab	31.0bc	118.6ab
	OFB	44.8a	22.6ab	86.5a	16.0a	8.1ab	30.9a	42.7a	32.3b	123.6a
平均值 Mean	FP	14.7c	22.0ab	—	5.3c	11.3a	—	26.3c	65.6a	—
	OF	26.1b	20.6b	89.5a	8.9bc	13.8a	21.4b	43.0b	65.4a	140.0c
	OFM	33.2ab	30.4ab	106.8a	13.2ab	17.0a	28.6a	50.0ab	74.1a	148.6b
	OFB	38.8a	34.1a	115.2a	15.2a	19.5a	32.3a	51.8a	76.8a	153.9a

处理 Treatment	有机质 Organic matter (g·kg^-1)	全氮 Total nitrogen (g·kg^-1)	有效磷 Available phosphorus (mg·kg^-1)	速效钾 Available potassium (mg·kg^-1)	硝态氮 Nitrate nitrogen (kg·hm^-2)	pH
FP	14.3c	0.8a	27.6b	183b	69.4a	8.1a
OF	14.5bc	0.8a	20.8b	213b	48.8b	8.0a
OFM	15.0ab	0.8a	31.4ab	254a	37.6d	7.9a
OFB	15.2a	0.8a	39.0a	251a	44.1c	7.9a

Effects of Organic Fertilizers Replacing Chemical Fertilizers on Yield, Nutrient Use Efficiency, Economic and Environmental Benefits of Dryland Wheat

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