奶牛育种中的长寿性状

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2020.19.019

Abstract

Abstract:

Longevity is an important functional trait in dairy cattle. In addition to yield traits, longevity is more economically important than other traits in dairy breeding. The characteristics of longevity include low heritability, unfollowing normal distribution and performance later, hence longevity is the most difficult trait to select in dairy breeding. Since the 1950s, dairy breeders have begun to pay attention to longevity traits. Now, researches on longevity traits have continued. After the 1990s, longevity has been included in total selection index in many countries. However, longevity traits currently are not included in China Dairy Performance Index (CPI), and the study on longevity traits is also in its infancy in China. This review presented the trait definitions, methods of genetic evaluation, relationships between other traits, genetic makers, and selection strategies on longevity traits to systematically introduce its research and application in dairy industry. The complex relationships between longevity and other traits were described by summarizing the genetic correlation coefficients reported by many studies. The selection strategies for longevity traits in the various countries with developed dairy industry were highlighted by summarizing information collected from their dairy breeding program. Furthermore, this review also summarized the studies on longevity traits in dairy cattle in China. Longevity traits had various definitions, and there were various models used to preform genetic analysis, including linear model, threshold model, survival model and random regression model. There were low to moderate genetic correlations between longevity and other traits, including yield, linear type, fertility, health and workability traits, in which the higher genetic correlations were found between longevity and linear type traits in udder system. Generally, dairy cows with better performance on fertility and health traits were better on longevity. Among different populations, there were some differences on relationships between longevity and other traits, which were largely influenced by selection goals of current population. The total selection indexes in many countries included longevity. In addition to using direct longevity to select it, the indirect selection methods were also used in many countries. Udder system, strength, rump angle, feet and leg system, and mastitis resistance were comment traits used to indirect selection. Many genetic markers associated with longevity have been found in various populations, most of which were in genetic regions that have been reported to be associated with traits such as reproduction, disease and body type. Finally, this review also proposed the necessities of collecting longevity data, estimating genetic parameters, locating genetic markers, exploring evaluation model and selection strategy in China dairy cattle population.

Key words: longevity, genetic evaluation, genetic correlation, genetic maker, genetic selection, dairy cattle

ZHANG HaiLiang,LIU AoXing,MI SiYuan,LI Xiang,LUO HanPeng,YAN XinYi,WANG YaChun. A Review on Longevity Trait in Dairy Cattle Breeding[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2020, 53(19): 4070-4082.

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Figures/Tables 4

Fig. 1

Fig. 2

Table 1

Genome-wide association analysis on longevity traits"

作者 Author	品种 Breed	性状定义 Trait definition	关联分析表型 Phenotype	分析方法 Analysis method	显著SNP所在染色体 Chromosome of significant SNP	候选基因 Candidate gene
STERI ^[61]	荷斯坦牛 Holstein	生产寿命 Productive life	表型离差 Trait deviations	简单回归 Simple regression	16、30	UBIAD1、MTOR、ANGPTL7、EXOSC10、SRM、MASP2、TARDBP、CASZ1、GPC3、PHF6
		在群寿命 Herd life			—
		产犊次数 The number of calving			16、30
NAYERI ^[60]	荷斯坦牛 Holstein	在群寿命 Herd life	逆回归育种值 Deregressed proof	单标记回归 Single SNP regression	5、6、7、14、18、 20、21	CTU1、NPFFR2
		间接长寿性 Indirect longevity			5、6、18	NPFFR2
		存活率 Survival			6、7、14、18、20、 21	—
HAY ^[62]	合成品种 Composite breed	生产寿命 Productive life	校正表型 Corrected phenotypes	单标记回归 Single SNP regression	1、2、3、8、9、 11、19、25	GBE1、GTDC1、ZEB2、CTNNA2、REG3A、REG3G、BTBD17、CD300A、CD300LB、CDR2L、FADS6、FDXR、GPRC5C、GRIN2C、HID1
HAY ^[62]	合成品种 Composite breed	生产寿命 Productive life	校正表型 Corrected phenotypes	贝叶斯 Bayesian	1、2、3、9、11、15、19、20、25、29
SAOWAPHAK^[63]	杂交荷斯坦牛 Cross Holstein	生产寿命 Productive life	性状表型值 Phenotype	一步法 Single step GWAS	5、X	SYT1、DOCK11、KLHL13、IL13RA1
ZHANG^[64]	荷斯坦牛 Holstein	多胎次生产寿命 Partial productive life	逆回归育种值 Deregressed proof	线性混合模型 Linear mixed model	5、6、9、10、18、 23	NPFFR2、vitamin D-buinding protein、PPP1R14C、GCH1、ZNF613 ZNF617
	北欧红牛 Nordic Red dairy cattle				6、21、23、25	CCDC149、LGI2、KCNK16
	娟姗牛 Jersey				—	—
MéSZáROS ^[65]	西门塔尔牛 Simmental	生产寿命 Productive life	逆回归育种值 Deregressed proof	单标记回归 Single SNP regression	6、13、14、19、21	DERL1、SNTG1、LOC614437、ALB、AFP、LOC100140503、ADAMTS3、E2F1、RALY、SYT10、NTRK2
COLE^[59]	荷斯坦牛 Holstein	生产寿命 Productive life	估计传递力 Predicted transmitting ability	单标记回归 Single SNP regression	7、X	INSR、LOC520057

Table 1

Table 2

Genetic evaluation and selection on longevity traits in various countries"

国家/地区 Country/region	性状定义 Trait definition	遗传评估方法 Methods of genetic evaluation	指数中的权重 Weight in index
加拿大 Canada	直接长寿：头胎产犊 - 120 d、120- 240 d、240 d-2胎产犊、2胎产犊 - 3胎产犊、3胎产犊- 4胎产犊期间的存活状态,共5个性状 Direct longevity: a total 5 traits, survival status from the 1^st calving to day 120, day 120 to day 240, day 240 to 2^nd calving, 2^nd calving to 3^rd calving, and 3^rd calving to 4^th calving	五性状 - BLUP - 动物模型 5 traits - BLUP - Animal model	8%（LPI,2019）
加拿大 Canada	间接长寿：包括体细胞评分、泌乳速度、不返情率、产犊至首配间隔和部分体型性状 Indirect longevity: including somatic cell score, milking speed, non-return rate, calving to first service interval and some type traits	五性状 - BLUP - 动物模型 5 traits - BLUP - Animal model	8%（LPI,2019）
美国 US	直接长寿：生产寿命 Direct longevity: productive life	单性状 - BLUP - 动物模型 Single trait - BLUP - Animal model	4%（TPI,2017）
美国 US	间接长寿：包括体细胞评分、产奶量、乳脂量、乳蛋白量和部分体型性状 Indirect longevity: including somatic cell score, milk yield, milk fat yield, milk protein yield and some type traits	单性状 - BLUP - 动物模型 Single trait - BLUP - Animal model	3%（TPI,2017）
荷兰 Netherlands	头胎产犊后1 - 72月龄期间的存活状态 Survival status from the first calving to the age of 72 months	单性状 - 随机回归 - BLUP - 动物模型 Single trait - Random regression - BLUP - Animal model	8%（NVI,2019）
德国 Germany	前3胎次内泌乳0-49 d、50- 249 d、250 d -下次产犊期间的存活状态,共9个性状 A total of 9 traits, survival status from day 0 to 49, day 50 to 249 and day 250 to the next calving after the current calving among the first 3 lactations	多性状 - BLUP - 动物模型 Muti-traits - BLUP - Animal model	20%（RZG,2018）
法国 France	直接长寿：生产寿命 Direct longevity: productive life	单性状-生存分析-公畜外祖父模型 Single trait - Survival analysis - Sire-maternal grand sire model	5%（ISU,2019）
法国 France	间接长寿：包括体细胞数、临床乳房炎、泌乳速度、部分繁殖和体型性状 Indirect longevity: including somatic cell count, clinical mastitis, some reproduction and type traits	—	5%（ISU,2019）
北欧 Nodic	头胎产犊至2、3、4、5、6胎产犊时生产寿命,共5个性状 A total of 5 traits, the partial productive life from the first calving to the 2^nd, 3^rd, 4^th, 5^th, 6^th calving	多性状 - BLUP - 动物模型 Muti-traits - BLUP - Animal model	6%（NTM,2018）
新西兰 New Zealand	直接长寿：头胎产犊至2、3、4胎产犊的存活状态,共3个性状 Direct longevity: a total of 3 traits, survival status from the first calving to the 2^nd, 3^rd, 4^th calving	多性状 - BLUP - 动物模型 Muti-traits - BLUP - Animal model	6%（BW,2016）
新西兰 New Zealand	间接长寿：包括头胎乳蛋白量、头胎体况评分、头胎泌乳速度、头胎体细胞数和部分体型性状等 Indirect longevity: including milk protein yield, body condition score, milking speed and somatic cell count in 1^st lactation, and some type traits	—	6%（BW,2016）
澳大利亚 Australia	前7胎各胎次内母牛的存活状态,共7个性状 A total of 7 traits, survival status from the first calving to the 2^nd, 3^rd, 4^th, 5^th, 6^th, 7^th, 8^thcalving	多性状 - BLUP - 动物模型 Muti-traits - BLUP - Animal model	8%（BPI,2014）

Table 2

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A Review on Longevity Trait in Dairy Cattle Breeding

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