过氧化钙对渍涝农田夏玉米根系形态及产量形成的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2026.06.005

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】在全球气候变化大背景下，极端降雨天气频发导致农田渍涝灾害加剧，严重制约了玉米的高产稳产。本研究旨在揭示过氧化钙对渍涝农田土壤氧环境和夏玉米根系形态及产量形成的调控机制，为渍涝逆境下玉米抗逆稳产栽培提供理论支撑。【方法】2023—2024年夏玉米生长季，在山东农业大学黄淮海区域（山东）玉米技术创新中心开展田间试验。试验选用登海605（DH605）为供试品种，采用完全随机区组设计。在夏玉米三叶期人工模拟田间渍涝环境，设置施用过氧化钙（CaO₂）与不施用（CK）2个处理。系统研究施用过氧化钙对0—40 cm土层土壤氧气含量、玉米根系形态（总根长、总根表面积、总根体积、根干重）、叶面积指数（LAI）、SPAD（叶绿素相对含量）值、气体交换参数（净光合速率（P_n）、气孔导度（G_s）、胞间二氧化碳浓度（C_i）、蒸腾速率（T_r））、地上部干物质积累量、籽粒灌浆特征及产量形成的影响。【结果】两年平均结果显示，在渍涝条件下，施用过氧化钙明显改善了土壤氧环境。自处理开始至结束后10 d共10次的测定中，0—20和20—40 cm土层氧气含量均值较CK分别提升7.38%和7.44%。根系形态发生显著变化，开花期总根长、总根表面积、总根体积和根干重较CK分别增加了51.63%、44.10%、39.81%和51.98%；冠层光合性能显著增强，最大LAI和开花期SPAD值分别提高了11.28%和11.61%，开花期穗位叶P_n、G_s和T_r分别增加了23.84%、30.63%和85.99%。成熟期干物质积累量增加31.51%；籽粒灌浆参数优化，最大灌浆速率、平均灌浆速率、达到最大灌浆速率时的粒重和成熟期粒重较CK分别提高7.29%、7.29%、5.81%和6.24%。施用过氧化钙协同提高了穗粒数和千粒重，两年平均增幅达39.98%和5.00%，最终产量较CK提高50.77%。【结论】施用过氧化钙通过优化渍涝土壤氧环境、重塑根系形态、增强冠层光合并促进干物质积累，进而提升籽粒灌浆速率。该措施通过协同增加穗粒数和千粒重，显著提高了籽粒产量。本研究结果可为夏玉米苗期应对渍涝逆境、实现稳产增产提供一种新的农艺调控策略。

关键词: 渍涝, 过氧化钙, 根系形态, 籽粒灌浆特性, 产量, 玉米

Abstract:

【Objective】In the context of global climate change, frequent extreme rainfall has exacerbated farmland waterlogging, which severely restricts high and stable yields of maize. This study aimed to elucidate the regulatory mechanisms of calcium peroxide (CaO₂) application on root morphology and yield formation in summer maize under waterlogged field conditions, for providing the theoretical support for stress-resistant and stable-yield cultivation of maize under waterlogging stress. 【Method】The experiment was conducted at the Huang-Huai-Hai Regional Maize Technology Innovation Center, Shandong Agricultural University during the 2023-2024 summer maize growing season. Using the maize variety Denghai 605 (DH605) and a randomized complete block design, treatments consisted of CaO₂ application and a non-amended control (CK). At the V3 stage of summer maize, artificial waterlogging was simulated. The effects of CaO₂ application were systematically investigated on: (1) soil oxygen concentration in the 0-40 cm profile; (2) maize root morphology parameters (total root length, total root surface area, total root volume, root dry weight); (3) leaf area index (LAI), SPAD value, photosynthetic parameters (net photosynthetic rate (P_n), stomatal conductance (G_s), intercellular CO₂ concentration (C_i), transpiration rate (T_r)) and aboveground dry matter accumulation; and (4) grain filling characteristics, yield formation. 【Result】Under waterlogging stress, two-year results indicate that CaO₂ application significantly improved the soil oxygen environment. During a total of 10 measurements from the start of the treatment to 10 days after the end of the treatment, the average oxygen content in the 0-20 cm and 20-40 cm soil layers increased by 7.38% and 7.44%, respectively, compared with the control (CK), averaged over two years. Root morphology was markedly altered: at the flowering stage, total root length, total root surface area, total root volume, and root dry weight increased by 51.63%, 44.10%, 39.81% and 51.98% versus CK, respectively; canopy photosynthetic performance was significantly enhanced: maximum LAI and SPAD value at the flowering stage increased by 11.28% and 11.61%, respectively. At the flowering stage, the P_n, G_s, and T_r of the ear leaf increased by 23.84%, 30.63%, and 85.99%, respectively, while dry matter accumulation at maturity increased by 31.51%. Grain filling parameters improved: maximum grain filling rate, mean grain filling rate, grain weight at maximum filling rate, and grain weight at maturity increased by 7.29%, 7.29%, 5.81%, and 6.24%, respectively, compared with CK. CaO₂ synergistically increased kernel number per ear and 1000-grain weight, with average two-year increases of 39.98% and 5.00%, respectively, ultimately increasing grain yield by 50.77% under CK. 【Conclusion】Calcium peroxide application mitigated waterlogging stress and enhanced grain yield in summer maize by optimizing soil oxygen environment, remodeling root morphology, improving canopy photosynthetic efficiency and increasing dry matter accumulation, thereby increasing the grain-filling rate. This measure significantly increased grain yield by simultaneously increasing kernel number per ear and 1000-grain weight. This study provided a novel agronomic approach for stabilizing and increasing maize yield under waterlogging stress at the seedling stage.

Key words: waterlogging, calcium peroxide, root morphology, grain filling characteristics, yield, maize

周新杰, 任昊, 陈应龙, 张吉旺, 赵斌, 任佰朝, 刘鹏, 王洪章. 过氧化钙对渍涝农田夏玉米根系形态及产量形成的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2026, 59(6): 1203-1216.

ZHOU XinJie, REN Hao, CHEN YingLong, ZHANG JiWang, ZHAO Bin, REN BaiZhao, LIU Peng, WANG HongZhang. Effects of Calcium Peroxide on Root Morphology and Yield Formation of Summer Maize in Waterlogging Farmland[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2026, 59(6): 1203-1216.

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年份 Year	处理 Treatment	根系干重 Root dry weight (g/plant)	总根长 Total root length (m/plant)	总根表面积 Total root surface area (dm²/plant)	总根体积 Total root volume (cm³/plant)
2023	CK	6.58±1.32b	44.92±0.77b	22.72±2.11b	144.63±13.87b
2023	CaO₂	9.56±0.55a	70.33±2.54a	34.58±1.41a	195.56±12.00a
2024	CK	6.00±0.17b	64.84±2.84b	33.27±2.23b	140.57±1.89b
2024	CaO₂	9.52±0.55a	95.12±1.52a	45.23±0.83a	202.99±11.09a
ANOVA	年份 Year (Y)	ns	**	**	ns
	处理 Treatment (T)	**	**	**	**
	Y×T	ns	ns	ns	ns

处理 Treatment	P_n (µmol·m^-2 s^-1)	G_s (mmol·m^-2 s^-1)	C_i (μmol·mol^-1)	T_r (mol·m^-2 s^-1)
CK	29.64±1.64b	259.64±21.78b	109.47±11.67a	4.75±0.65b
CaO₂	36.71±2.12a	339.17±39.16a	117.73±3.28a	8.83±0.45a

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	生长曲线方程 Growth curve parametric equation	相关系数 Correlation coefficients	W_max (g/100 grains)	G_max (g/100 grains·d)	G_ave (g/100 grains·d)	P (d)
2023	CK	y=29.41/(1+69.35e^-0.15^x)	1.00	14.70±0.17b	1.08±0.03b	0.66±0.02b	40.94±1.51a
2023	CaO₂	y=30.75/(1+84.63e^-0.15^x)	1.00	15.38±0.30a	1.16±0.01a	0.71±0.01a	39.78±1.18a
2024	CK	y=25.50/(1+113.03e^-0.19^x)	0.99	12.75±0.12b	1.20±0.03b	0.73±0.02b	31.99±0.48a
2024	CaO₂	y=27.30/(1+68.84e^-0.19^x)	0.99	13.65±0.08a	1.28±0.03a	0.78±0.02a	32.01±0.86a
ANOVA	年份 Year (Y)			**	**	**	**
	处理 Treatment (T)			**	**	**	ns
	年份×处理 Y×T			ns	ns	ns	ns

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	公顷穗数 Ears number (×10⁴ears/hm²)	穗粒数 Grains per ear	千粒重 1000-grain weight (g)	产量 Yield (t·hm^-2)
2023	CK	6.44±0.19a	420.73±20.11b	316.47±3.75b	8.57±0.21b
2023	CaO₂	6.74±0.06a	466.71±10.10a	338.39±7.00a	10.64±0.05a
2024	CK	6.15±0.17a	275.93±23.22b	268.06±1.69b	4.54±0.30b
2024	CaO₂	6.26±0.17a	466.42±35.10a	276.28±2.34a	8.06±0.50a
ANOVA	年份 Year (Y)	**	**	**	**
	处理 Treatment (T)	ns	**	**	**
	Y×T	ns	**	*	**