不同耕作方式下盐碱地玉米光合物质生产能力对有机肥用量的响应

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.19.006

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】针对宁夏引黄灌区盐碱地土壤退化与作物生产力限制等问题，探讨垂直深旋耕配施有机肥对玉米（Zea mays L.）光合物质生产能力的影响，为该地区盐碱地玉米生产提供理论依据。【方法】于2021—2022年在宁夏平罗开展试验，以玉米品种先玉1225为试验材料，采用裂区试验设计，主区为耕作方式（DT，垂直深旋耕；TF，传统耕作），副区为有机肥用量（M0，不施肥；M1，0.75×10⁴ kg·hm^-2；M2，1.50×10⁴ kg·hm^-2；M3，2.25×10⁴ kg·hm^-2），于出苗后10、25、60、75、95、120 d测定各处理下玉米叶片光合参数、荧光参数、干物质积累、转运量以及成熟期玉米产量构成，分析不同耕作方式与有机肥用量互作下玉米光合物质生产相关指标的变化，探究耕作-施肥措施对盐碱地玉米干物质积累、转运特性的影响。【结果】（1）与传统耕作方式配施有机肥1.50×10⁴ kg·hm^-2相比，垂直深旋耕配施有机肥1.50×10⁴ kg·hm^-2能显著提高玉米的叶面积指数（LAI）和光合势（LAD）以及光合、荧光参数，叶片净光合速率（P_n）提高8.4%—35.0%，气孔导度（G_s）提高7.7%—19.8%，PS Ⅱ最大光化学效率（F_v/F_m）提高7.7%—17.1%，PS潜在最大光合能力（F_v/F_o）提高10.0%—30.3%。（2）垂直深旋耕配施有机肥1.50×10⁴ kg·hm^-2能显著提高干物质最大积累速率（G_max）和平均积累速率（G_mean），并将达到最大干物质积累速率的时间（T_max）和积累活跃期（D）控制在合理范围，同时提高花后干物质积累对籽粒的贡献率，对高产形成有利。（3）相关性分析和主成分分析表明，玉米产量和G_mean与LAD、P_n、G_s、F_v/F_m、ABS/RC呈显著或极显著正相关关系；同时，2种耕作方式下不同有机肥用量综合得分均呈现M2>M3>M1>M0。【结论】垂直深旋耕配施有机肥1.50×10⁴ kg·hm^-2能有效提高盐碱地玉米叶片的LAI和LAD，优化其光合、荧光特性，并有效改善干物质积累与转运特性，进而促进作物产量提升，该处理可作为宁夏引黄灌区盐碱地改良的推荐措施。

关键词: 玉米, 耕作方式, 有机肥用量, 光合荧光特性, 干物质积累转运特性, 产量

Abstract:

【Objective】Aiming at the problems of soil degradation and crop productivity limitation in saline-alkaline land in the Yinhuang Irrigation Area of Ningxia, this study aimed to investigate the effects of vertical deep rotary tillage with organic fertilizer on the production capacity of maize (Zea mays L.) in terms of photosynthesis material, so as to provide the theoretical basis for maize production in saline-alkaline land in the area.【Method】This study was conducted in Pingluo, Ningxia, China, in 2021-2022. The maize cultivar Xianyu 1225 was used as the test material, and a split-zone experimental design was adopted, with the main zone being the tillage method (DT, vertical deep rotary tillage; TF, conventional tillage), and the subzones being the organic fertilizer dosage (M0, no fertilization; M1, 0.75×10⁴ kg·hm^-2; M2, 1.50×10⁴ kg·hm^-2; M3, 2.25×10⁴ kg·hm^-2). The photosynthesis and fluorescence parameters of maize leaves, dry matter accumulation and transport as well as the composition of maize yields at the maturity stage were measured at 10, 25, 60, 75, 95, and 120 d after seedling emergence, and the changes in the indexes of maize photosynthetic material production in the presence of the interactions between different tillage and organic fertilizer were analyzed, and then the effects of the tillage-fertilizer measures on the dry matter production of maize in saline and alkaline land were investigated.【Result】(1) Compared with TF combined with M2, DT combined with M2 significantly increased the leaf area index (LAI) and photosynthetic potential (LAD), as well as photosynthetic and fluorescence parameters. Specifically, it enhanced: net photosynthetic rate (P_n) by 8.4%-35.0%, stomatal conductance (G_s) by 7.7%-19.8%, maximum photochemical efficiency of PSII (F_v/F_m) by 7.7%-17.1%, and potential maximum photosynthetic capacity of PSII (F_v/F_o) by 10.0%-30.3%. (2) DT combined with M2 significantly increased the maximum DMA rate (G_max) and mean DMA rate (G_mean), while optimally controlling the time to reach G_max (T_max) and active duration of DMA (D). It also enhanced the contribution rate of post-anthesis DMA to grain yield, which was conducive to high yield formation. (3) Correlation and principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that maize yield and G_mean showed significant or highly significant positive correlations with LAD, P_n, G_s, F_v/F_m and ABS/RC. Furthermore, the comprehensive PCA scores for organic fertilizer rates under both tillage practices consistently ranked as M2>M3>M1>M0.【Conclusion】Vertical deep rotary tillage combined with organic fertilizer at 1.50×10⁴ kg·hm^-2 (DT+M2) effectively enhanced LAI and LAD in maize grown on saline-alkali soil, optimized its photosynthetic and fluorescence characteristics, and significantly improved dry matter accumulation and translocation traits, thereby promoting crop yield. This treatment was recommended as a saline-alkali soil improvement measure for the Ningxia Yellow River Irrigation District.

Key words: maize, tillage practices, organic fertilizer application rates, photosynthetic and fluorescence characteristics, dry matter accumulation and translocation characteristics, yield

李月琪, 麻仲花, 苏明, 刘昊, 马风兰, 马小英, 李涛, 李清云, 张丹, 刘吉利, 吴娜. 不同耕作方式下盐碱地玉米光合物质生产能力对有机肥用量的响应[J]. 中国农业科学, 2025, 58(19): 3872-3889.

LI YueQi, MA ZhongHua, SU Ming, LIU Hao, MA FengLan, MA XiaoYing, LI Tao, LI QingYun, ZHANG Dan, LIU JiLi, WU Na. Response of Maize Photosynthetic Production Capacity in Saline- Alkaline Soil to Organic Fertilizer Application Rates Under Differential Tillage Practices[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2025, 58(19): 3872-3889.

图/表 13

表1

图1

图2

图3

图4

图5

图6

图7

表2

表3

不同耕作方式下配施有机肥对玉米干物质积累和转运的影响"

年份Year	耕作方式Farming practices	有机肥施用量 Organic fertilizer application rate	花前干物质积累量 Dry matter accumulation before flowering (g/plant)	花后干物质积累量 Dry matter accumulation after flowering (g/plant)	花前干物质积累率 Dry matter accumulation rate before flowering (%)	花后干物质积累率 Dry matter accumulation rate after flowering (%)	干物质转运量 Dry matter transport (g/plant)	干物质转运率 Dry matter transport rate (%)	花前干物质积累贡献率 Contribution rate of dry matter accumulation before flowering (%)	花后干物质积累贡献率 Contribution rate of dry matter accumulation after flowering (%)
2021	TF	M0	182.47b	249.87a	41.95a	143.30a	26.54a	19.74b	13.43a	86.57a
		M1	173.73b	279.83a	38.32a	161.09a	33.07a	24.40a	13.50a	86.50a
		M2	238.93a	314.63a	43.44a	133.02a	31.26a	17.74b	10.46a	89.54a
		M3	243.13a	276.23a	47.43a	117.18a	31.36a	16.66b	12.21a	87.79a
	DT	M0	230.42c	241.03ab	48.91b	104.61a	25.04b	15.90a	10.35b	89.65a
		M1	306.26b	192.78b	61.41a	62.99b	33.05a	15.21ab	12.22a	87.78b
		M2	398.01a	222.66ab	64.18a	56.11b	34.20a	11.36b	9.85b	90.15a
		M3	298.10b	271.57a	52.48b	91.39a	30.88a	13.02bc	10.83ab	89.17ab
2022	TF	M0	187.67d	245.56a	43.33b	131.30a	28.15c	21.04a	17.71a	82.29a
		M1	224.13c	237.10a	48.57a	77.42b	31.10bc	22.83a	14.66a	85.34a
		M2	295.68a	228.03a	56.48c	57.27c	36.87a	20.87a	13.76a	86.24a
		M3	251.84b	232.38a	51.99d	77.95b	32.55b	17.31b	13.51a	86.49a
	DT	M0	371.45c	166.33c	69.10a	44.83b	28.23b	17.57a	11.77ab	88.23ab
		M1	391.31b	187.36bc	67.66ab	47.94ab	34.53a	15.91ab	13.18a	86.82b
		M2	424.12a	213.78ab	66.49ab	50.44ab	34.81a	11.88c	10.68b	89.32a
		M3	397.86b	223.48a	64.04b	56.34a	32.36ab	13.74bc	11.58ab	88.42ab
方差分析 ANOVA
年份Year (Y)			**	**	**	**	NS	NS	NS	NS
耕作方式 Farming practices (F)			**	**	**	**	NS	**	**	**
有机肥施用量 Organic fertilizer application rate (M)			**	NS	**	**	**	**	NS	NS
Y×F			**	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS
Y×M			NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS
F×M			NS	**	**	NS	NS	**	NS	*
Y×F×M			**	*	**	**	NS	NS	NS	NS

表3

图8

表4

图9

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年份 Year	全盐 Total salt content (g·kg^-1)	pH	有机质 Organic matter (g·kg^-1)	全氮 Total N (g·kg^-1)	全磷 Total P (g·kg^-1)	碱解氮 Alkali-hydrolyzed N (mg·kg^-1)	速效磷 Available P (mg·kg^-1)	速效钾 Available K (mg·kg^-1)
2021	2.76	8.68	14.20	0.77	0.58	30.29	22.00	214.27
2022	2.31	7.98	17.28	0.88	0.67	35.67	25.76	234.76

年份 Year	耕作方式 Farming practice	处理 Treatment	方程拟合参数 Parameter of equation			决定系数 R²	干物质积累参数 Dry matter accumulation parameter
年份 Year	耕作方式 Farming practice	处理 Treatment	A	B	K	决定系数 R²	T_max (d)	W_max (g·g^-1)	G_max (g·g^-1·d^-1)	D (d)	G_mean(g·g^-1·d^-1)
2021	TF	M0	598.93	46.25	0.040	0.9933	95.85	299.47	5.99	150.78	2.84
		M1	555.06	66.79	0.048	0.9966	87.53	277.53	6.66	133.31	3.03
		M2	590.02	340.46	0.076	0.9934	76.71	295.01	11.20	105.63	4.30
		M3	544.67	211.29	0.069	0.9975	77.58	272.34	9.33	109.43	3.78
	DT	M0	515.86	65.72	0.048	0.9971	87.20	257.93	6.18	132.97	2.82
		M1	541.16	40.96	0.045	0.9934	82.50	270.58	6.09	131.33	2.93
		M2	630.76	401.58	0.085	0.9949	70.53	315.38	13.40	96.38	5.07
		M3	595.84	508.09	0.085	0.9966	75.07	297.92	12.66	99.15	4.68
2022	TF	M0	589.70	40.93	0.039	0.9920	95.18	294.85	5.75	151.52	2.77
		M1	541.61	40.96	0.045	0.9934	82.50	270.81	6.09	131.33	2.93
		M2	554.16	131.20	0.068	0.9954	71.72	277.08	9.42	104.03	3.98
		M3	519.60	121.12	0.066	0.9952	72.68	259.80	8.57	105.97	3.65
	DT	M0	546.42	264.61	0.079	0.9993	70.61	273.21	10.79	98.42	4.25
		M1	586.04	216.38	0.080	0.9991	67.21	293.02	11.72	94.68	4.70
		M2	656.40	166.94	0.081	0.9992	63.18	328.20	13.29	90.31	5.48
		M3	645.30	149.34	0.073	0.9984	68.58	322.65	11.78	98.68	4.91

干物质积累参数及产量 Dry matter accumulation parameters and yield	生理特性指标及产量 Indicators of physiological characteristics and yield
	叶面积指数 Leaf area index	光合势 Photosynthetic potential	净光合速率 Net photosynthetic rate	蒸腾速率 Stomatal conductance	气孔导度 Stomatal conductance	胞间CO₂ 浓度 Intercellular CO₂concentration	PS潜在最大光合能力 F_v/F_o	PSⅡ最大光化学效率 F_v/F_m	PSⅡ光能捕获效率 ABS/RC	光合机构性能综合参数 PI	产量 Yield
T_max	-1.00**	-0.99**	-0.99**	-0.98*	-1.00**	-0.99**	-1.00**	-0.99**	-0.96**	-0.94NS	-0.96*
W_max	0.96*	0.97*	0.99**	0.91NS	0.97**	0.97*	0.99**	0.96*	1.00**	0.86NS	-0.99**
G_max	0.96*	0.92NS	0.96*	0.87NS	0.95*	0.96*	0.96*	0.96*	0.99**	0.85NS	0.98*
D	-0.93NS	-0.98*	-0.97*	-0.89NS	-0.96*	-0.97*	-0.97*	-0.96*	-0.99**	-0.87NS	-0.84NS
G_mean	0.94NS	0.96*	0.98*	0.91NS	0.97*	0.98*	0.98*	0.97*	1.00**	0.88NS	0.96*
产量 Yield	0.96*	0.98*	0.99**	0.92NS	0.96*	0.94NS	0.93NS	0.96*	0.96*	0.97*	1.00**