不同钾肥用量下稻油轮作系统钾素利用和作物产量形成特征

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.16.008

中国农业科学 ›› 2025, Vol. 58 ›› Issue (16): 3245-3255.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.16.008

• 专题：稻油轮作周年养分管理 • 上一篇下一篇

不同钾肥用量下稻油轮作系统钾素利用和作物产量形成特征

郜紫依¹(), 吴海亚², 刘君权², 崔鑫¹, 刘嫒桦¹, 方娅婷¹, 任涛¹, 李小坤¹^,^*(), 鲁剑巍¹

¹ 华中农业大学资源与环境学院/农业农村部长江中下游耕地保育重点实验室/华中农业大学微量元素研究中心，武汉 430070
² 湖北省武穴市农业农村局，湖北黄冈 435401

收稿日期:2025-04-14 接受日期:2025-05-28 出版日期:2025-08-11 发布日期:2025-08-11
通信作者:
李小坤，E-mail：lixiaokun@mail.hzau.edu.cn
联系方式: 郜紫依，E-mail：gaoziyi@webmail.hzau.edu.cn。
基金资助:
国家重点研发计划(2023YFD1901100); 国家油菜产业技术体系(CARS-12); 中央高校基本科研业务费(2662024YJ023)

Characteristics of Potassium Utilization and Crop Yield Formation in Rice-Rapeseed Rotation System Under Different Potassium Fertilizer Application Rates

GAO ZiYi¹(), WU HaiYa², LIU JunQuan², CUI Xin¹, LIU AiHua¹, FANG YaTing¹, REN Tao¹, LI XiaoKun¹^,^*(), LU JianWei¹

¹ College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University/Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Microelement Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070
² Bureau of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuxue City, Huanggang 435401, Hubei

Received:2025-04-14 Accepted:2025-05-28 Published:2025-08-11 Online:2025-08-11

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】探究长江流域钾肥用量对稻油轮作系统生产力、钾肥利用率和钾素平衡的影响，为稻油轮作系统钾肥的合理施用与分配提供科学依据。【方法】定位试验位于湖北省武穴市郭坦村，始建于2016年，设置5个钾肥用量处理，分别为0、60、120、180和240 kg K₂O·hm^-2（用K₀、K₆₀、K₁₂₀、K₁₈₀、K₂₄₀表示）。本研究对2016—2024年作物产量、钾素积累量、钾肥利用率以及钾素表观平衡进行分析。【结果】施用钾肥显著提高了作物产量和地上部钾素吸收，且油菜产量和地上部吸钾量增幅大于水稻。与不施钾处理相比，施钾使水稻和油菜年均产量分别显著提高了18.1%—32.7%和46.7%—93.1%，钾素积累量分别显著提高72.3%—240.1%和124.6%—512.2%。施钾使油菜产量稳定性指数显著降低了24.2%—41.2%，产量可持续性指数显著提高了23.2%—45.7%，各处理水稻产量稳定性指数比油菜低，且可持续性指数较高。不施钾肥处理的周年能值产量随轮作年限的增加而逐年下降。油菜主要通过增加单株角果数和每角粒数提高产量，水稻主要通过增加有效穗数和每穗实粒数提高产量。随着钾肥用量的增加，油菜钾素吸收在周年中的占比提高，水稻和油菜钾素平均吸收比例为3:2。水稻的钾素农学效率和回收利用率比油菜分别平均高出4.5 kg·kg^-1和2.5个百分点，而油菜的肥料依赖性比水稻高11.6个百分点。施钾使周年钾素表观平衡由亏缺转为盈余状态，当水稻季钾肥用量增加至180 kg K₂O·hm^-2时，钾素平衡由亏缺转为盈余，油菜季则需施钾肥60 kg K₂O·hm^-2可实现盈余。通过线性加平台模型拟合得出，水稻季钾肥适宜用量为102 kg K₂O·hm^-2、油菜季为147 kg K₂O·hm^-2。【结论】施用钾肥对油菜的增产效果优于水稻，轮作周年钾肥推荐用量为250 kg K₂O·hm^-2，水稻季和油菜季钾肥施用比例约为2:3。

关键词: 稻油轮作, 产量, 钾素吸收, 钾肥利用率, 钾素表观平衡, 线性加平台模型

Abstract:

【Objective】The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of potassium (K) fertilizer application rates on crop productivity, K utilization, and apparent K balance under the rice-rapeseed rotation system in the Yangtze River Basin, so as to provide a scientific basis for the rational application and distribution of potassium fertilizer in the rice-rapeseed rotation system.【Method】A field experiment was carried out from 2016 in Wuxue City, Hubei Province, China. Five treatments were set up with 0 (K₀), 60 (K₆₀), 120 (K₁₂₀), 180 (K₁₈₀) and 240 (K₂₄₀) kg K₂O·hm^-2, respectively. The crop yield, K uptake, K fertilizer utilization and apparent K balance were studied from 2016 to 2024.【Result】K fertilization significantly increased crop yield and aboveground K uptake, with the increase in rapeseed yield and aboveground K uptake being greater than that of rice. Compared with K₀, K application significantly increased rice and rapeseed yield by 18.1%-32.7% and 46.7%-93.1%, respectively, and K uptake by 72.3%-240.1% and 124.6%-512.2%, respectively. K fertilization significantly reduced yield stability index of rapeseed yield by 24.2%-41.2%, and markedly increased yield sustainability index (SYI) by 23.2%-45.7%. The yield stability index of rice yield across all treatments was lower than that of rapeseed, and SYI was comparatively higher. The annual energy yield under the K₀ treatment exhibited a progressive decline with each successive year of crop rotation. The increase in rapeseed yield was primarily attributed to an increase in pod number and seed number, whereas in rice, it was mainly due to an increase in effective panicles and filled grains per panicle. As the K fertilizer application rates increased, the proportion of K uptake in rapeseed within the annual system rose, with the average K uptake ratio between rice and rapeseed being 3:2. The agronomy efficiency and the recovery efficiency of K fertilizer in rice were on average 4.5 kg·kg^-1 and 2.5 percentage points higher than those in rapeseed, respectively. Conversely, the K fertilizer dependency of rapeseed was 11.6 percentage points higher than that of rice. K application shifted the annual K apparent balance from deficit to surplus. When the K fertilizer application rate increased to 180 kg K₂O·hm^-2 during the rice season, the K balance transitioned from deficit to surplus, while in the rapeseed season, 60 kg K₂O·hm^-2was required to achieve surplus. Fitting with a linear-plus-plateau model, the optimal K fertilizer application rates were determined to be 102 kg K₂O·hm^-2 for the rice season and 147 kg K₂O·hm^-2 for the rapeseed season. 【Conclusion】In summary, the application of potassium fertilizer increased the yield of rapeseed better than that of rice. The recommended annual potassium fertilizer application rate for the rice-rapeseed rotation system was 250 kg K₂O·hm^-2, with the fertilization ratio between the rice season and the rapeseed season being approximately 2:3.

Key words: rice-rapeseed rotation, yield, potassium uptake, potassium fertilizer utilization, apparent potassium balance, linear-plus- plateau model

郜紫依, 吴海亚, 刘君权, 崔鑫, 刘嫒桦, 方娅婷, 任涛, 李小坤, 鲁剑巍. 不同钾肥用量下稻油轮作系统钾素利用和作物产量形成特征[J]. 中国农业科学, 2025, 58(16): 3245-3255.

GAO ZiYi, WU HaiYa, LIU JunQuan, CUI Xin, LIU AiHua, FANG YaTing, REN Tao, LI XiaoKun, LU JianWei. Characteristics of Potassium Utilization and Crop Yield Formation in Rice-Rapeseed Rotation System Under Different Potassium Fertilizer Application Rates[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2025, 58(16): 3245-3255.

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处理 Treatment	水稻 Rice			油菜 Rapeseed
处理 Treatment	有效穗数 No. of effective panicles (×10⁴·hm^-2)	每穗实粒数 No. of filled grains per panicle	千粒重 1000-grain weight (g)	单株角果数 Pod number (No./plant)	每角粒数 Seed number (No./pod)	千粒重 1000-seed weight (g)
K₀	237.2±0.2b	111.7±1.0c	23.45±0.37c	152.2±6.6c	16.1±0.8c	4.01±0.29a
K₆₀	241.8±8.6b	128.9±3.7b	24.30±0.11b	174.7±10.5c	19.6±1.4b	4.06±0.10a
K₁₂₀	260.4±6.6a	139.7±2.3a	24.62±0.28ab	228.9±24.9b	20.6±1.6ab	3.86±0.20ab
K₁₈₀	268.5±5.5a	143.8±3.2a	24.84±0.21a	311.2±32.9a	21.7±0.7a	3.75±0.10ab
K₂₄₀	265.9±15.8a	139.4±2.1a	24.36±0.06b	302.7±35.1a	21.9±0.8a	3.66±0.04b
AVONA
钾肥用量 Potassium rate (K)	10.39***	74.24***	31.33***	104.17***	37.39***	8.78***
年份Year (Y)	24.54***	23.42***	79.91***	70.19***	46.40***	387.99***
K×Y	0.94 ns	2.05**	0.81 ns	2.21**	1.97*	1.96*

处理 Treatment	水稻 Rice			油菜 Rapeseed
处理 Treatment	农学效率 Agronomy efficiency (kg·kg^-1)	回收利用率 Recovery efficiency (%)	肥料依赖性 Fertilizer dependency (%)	农学效率 Agronomy efficiency (kg·kg^-1)	回收利用率 Recovery efficiency (%)	肥料依赖性 Fertilizer dependency (%)
K₀	—	—	—	—	—	—
K₆₀	17.2	62.7	53.6	10.4	53.7	69.9
K₁₂₀	13.3	64.2	69.8	8.1	56.7	82.3
K₁₈₀	10.2	58.5	77.6	6.9	61.6	87.4
K₂₄₀	7.8	51.9	82.2	5.1	55.2	90.3
平均 Average	12.1	59.3	70.8	7.6	56.8	82.4

处理 Treatment	水稻 Rice (kg K₂O·hm^-2)	油菜 Rapeseed (kg K₂O·hm^-2)	周年 Annual (kg K₂O·hm^-2)
K₀	-52.0±5.2	-25.9±0.9	-77.9±4.4
K₆₀	-29.7±1.3	1.9±0.4	-27.8±1.6
K₁₂₀	-9.0±5.0	26.0±3.5	17.0±7.0
K₁₈₀	22.6±7.1	43.3±7.5	65.9±14.5
K₂₄₀	63.4±6.4	81.5±3.6	145.0±8.5

不同钾肥用量下稻油轮作系统钾素利用和作物产量形成特征

Characteristics of Potassium Utilization and Crop Yield Formation in Rice-Rapeseed Rotation System Under Different Potassium Fertilizer Application Rates

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