中国农业科学 ›› 2020, Vol. 53 ›› Issue (23): 4764-4776.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2020.23.004
殷文(),柴强(
),于爱忠,赵财,樊志龙,胡发龙,范虹,郭瑶
收稿日期:
2020-02-22
接受日期:
2020-06-05
出版日期:
2020-12-01
发布日期:
2020-12-09
通讯作者:
柴强
作者简介:
殷文,E-mail: 基金资助:
YIN Wen(),CHAI Qiang(
),YU AiZhong,ZHAO Cai,FAN ZhiLong,HU FaLong,FAN Hong,GUO Yao
Received:
2020-02-22
Accepted:
2020-06-05
Online:
2020-12-01
Published:
2020-12-09
Contact:
Qiang CHAI
摘要:
【目的】作物的光合生理特性是影响产量的重要因素,冠层温度反映作物冠层的能量平衡状况,与作物光合生理特性及产量形成密切相关。研究不同覆盖方式下作物冠层温度与光合生理特性及产量形成,旨在优化耕作制度,提高干旱内陆灌区作物生产潜力。【方法】2014—2016年,在西北干旱灌区,通过田间试验,研究不同小麦秸秆还田及地膜覆盖利用方式下,小麦间作玉米模式中玉米灌浆期的冠层温度及光合生理特性。【结果】间作较单作可降低玉米灌浆期的冠层温度,以免耕小麦带25—30 cm高茬收割覆盖还田与玉米带地膜2年覆盖(NTSI2),免耕小麦带25—30 cm高茬收割立茬还田与玉米带地膜2年覆盖(NTSSI2)处理降低效果更为显著,较传统耕作每年覆新膜单作(CTM)处理分别降低10.3%与7.5%,比传统翻耕小麦带无秸秆还田与玉米带每年覆新膜(CTI)处理分别降低7.6%与4.7%。从冠气温差可知,NTSI2处理随气温变化玉米灌浆期冠层温度变化较小,可减小气温变化对玉米生长发育造成的不利影响。间作较单作可增大玉米灌浆期的光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)及叶片水分利用效率(WUEL),以NTSI2、NTSSI2处理提高幅度较大,较CTM处理玉米Pn提高比例分别为23.0%与18.1%,较CTI处理提高比例分别为13.4%与8.9%;同理,与CTM处理相比,Tr分别提高7.9%与5.8%,与CTI处理相比,Tr分别提高6.1%与4.1%;NTSI2、NTSSI2处理WUEL较CTM处理提高14.4%与12.0%,较CTI提高7.2%与4.9%,呈现水分高效利用的潜势。相同的净占地面积下,间作较单作玉米具有增产效应,增产幅度达到52.2%,其中NTSI2、NTSSI2处理较CTM处理分别增产57.2%与53.4%,较CTI处理分别增产17.6%与14.7%,说明免耕地膜2年覆盖与秸秆还田同步应用于间作模式可进一步加强玉米增产效应。【结论】在河西绿洲灌区,集成应用免耕秸秆还田与地膜2年覆盖技术是实现高产高效间作模式的理想耕作措施。
殷文,柴强,于爱忠,赵财,樊志龙,胡发龙,范虹,郭瑶. 间作小麦秸秆还田对地膜覆盖玉米灌浆期冠层温度及光合生理特性的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2020, 53(23): 4764-4776.
YIN Wen,CHAI Qiang,YU AiZhong,ZHAO Cai,FAN ZhiLong,HU FaLong,FAN Hong,GUO Yao. Effects of Intercropped Wheat Straw Retention on Canopy Temperature and Photosynthetic Physiological Characteristics of Intercropped Maize Mulched with Plastic During Grain Filling Stage[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2020, 53(23): 4764-4776.
表1
试验设计及处理代码"
种植模式 Cropping pattern | 处理代码 Treatment code | 处理设计 Treatment design |
---|---|---|
单作小麦 Sole wheat | NTSW | 25—30 cm高茬收割秸秆覆盖免耕 No-tillage with 25 to 30 cm straw mulching |
NTSSW | 25—30 cm高茬收割立茬免耕 No-tillage with 25 to 30 cm straw standing | |
CTSW | 25—30 cm高茬收割秸秆翻耕 Conventional with 25 to 30 cm straw incorporation | |
CTW | 传统翻耕无秸秆还田 Conventional tillage without straw retention | |
单作玉米 Sole maize | NTM2 | 免耕地膜2年覆盖 No-tillage with two-year plastic mulching |
CTM | 传统翻耕每年覆新膜 Conventional tillage with annual new plastic mulching | |
小麦间作玉米 Wheat-maize intercropping | NTSI2 | 小麦带25—30 cm高茬收割秸秆覆盖免耕 No-tillage with 25 to 30 cm straw mulching in wheat strip |
玉米带免耕地膜2年覆盖 No-tillage with two-year plastic mulching in maize strip | ||
NTSSI2 | 小麦带25—30 cm高茬收割立茬免耕 No-tillage with 25 to 30 cm straw standing in wheat strip | |
玉米带免耕地膜2年覆盖 No-tillage with two-year plastic mulching in maize strip | ||
CTSI | 小麦带25—30 cm高茬收割秸秆翻耕 Conventional with 25 to 30 cm straw incorporation in wheat strip | |
玉米带传统翻耕每年覆新膜 Conventional tillage with annual new plastic mulching in maize strip | ||
CTI | 小麦带传统翻耕无秸秆还田 Conventional tillage without straw retention in wheat strip | |
玉米带传统翻耕每年覆新膜 Conventional tillage with annual new plastic mulching in maize strip |
表3
不同种植模式不同处理玉米灌浆期的冠层温度"
处理 Treatment | 灌浆前期 Early-filling | 灌浆中期 Mid-filling | 灌浆后期 Late-filling | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | |||
间作 Intercropping | |||||||||||
NTSI2 | 27.39b | 29.53d | 30.36b | 24.39b | 24.30c | 22.96d | 19.12d | 23.42d | 20.18c | ||
NTSSI2 | 28.34ab | 30.26d | 31.40ab | 24.90b | 24.90bc | 23.99cd | 19.64cd | 24.06cd | 21.03bc | ||
CTSI | 29.73a | 30.69cd | 31.75ab | 25.01ab | 25.58b | 24.47bc | 20.51bc | 24.67c | 21.38b | ||
CTI | 30.42a | 31.59bc | 32.26a | 25.03ab | 26.71a | 25.22ab | 20.86b | 25.97ab | 21.74ab | ||
单作 Sole cropping | |||||||||||
NTM2 | 30.25a | 31.93ab | 32.29a | 25.33ab | 25.93ab | 25.12bc | 20.51bc | 25.13bc | 21.42b | ||
CTM | 32.96a | 32.96a | 32.92a | 26.38a | 26.81a | 26.31a | 21.81a | 26.50a | 22.55a | ||
显著Significance | |||||||||||
年份Year (Y) | NS | NS | NS | ||||||||
处理Treatment (T) | 0.000 | 0.002 | 0.000 | ||||||||
年份×处理 Y×T | NS | NS | NS |
表4
不同种植模式不同处理玉米灌浆期冠气温差"
年份 Year | 处理 Treatment | 灌浆前期 Early-filling stage | 灌浆中期 Middle-filling stage | 灌浆后期 Late-filling stage | 平均 Average |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
2014 | 间作 Intercropping | ||||
NTSI2 | 0.99e | 2.19d | 0.72d | 1.30e | |
NTSSI2 | 1.94d | 2.70c | 1.24c | 1.96d | |
CTSI | 3.33c | 2.81bc | 2.11b | 2.75c | |
CTI | 4.02ab | 2.83bc | 2.46b | 3.10b | |
单作 Sole cropping | |||||
NTM2 | 3.85bc | 3.13b | 2.11b | 3.03bc | |
CTM | 4.45a | 4.18a | 3.41a | 4.02a | |
2015 | 间作 Intercropping | ||||
NTSI2 | 1.73e | 1.90d | 1.52f | 1.72e | |
NTSSI2 | 2.46d | 2.50c | 2.16e | 2.37d | |
CTSI | 2.89c | 3.18b | 2.77d | 2.95c | |
CTI | 3.79b | 4.31a | 4.07b | 4.05b | |
单作 Sole cropping | |||||
NTM2 | 4.13b | 3.53b | 3.23c | 3.63b | |
CTM | 5.16a | 4.41a | 4.60a | 4.72a | |
2016 | 间作 Intercropping | ||||
NTSI2 | 2.01d | 1.67e | 1.08e | 1.59d | |
NTSSI2 | 3.05c | 2.70d | 1.93d | 2.56c | |
CTSI | 3.40bc | 3.18c | 2.28c | 2.95bc | |
CTI | 3.91b | 3.93b | 2.64b | 3.49b | |
单作 Sole cropping | |||||
NTM2 | 3.94b | 3.83b | 2.32bc | 3.36b | |
CTM | 4.57a | 5.02a | 3.45a | 4.35a | |
显著性 Significance | |||||
年份Year (Y) | NS | NS | NS | NS | |
处理Treatment (T) | 0.000 | 0.001 | 0.000 | 0.000 | |
年份×处理 Y×T | NS | NS | NS | NS |
表5
不同种植模式不同处理玉米灌浆期的光合特性差异"
灌浆时期 Grain filling stage | 处理 Treatment | 光合速率 Pn (μmol·m-2·s-1) | 蒸腾速率 Tr (mmol·m-2·s-1) | 叶片水分利用效率 WUEL (μmol·mmol-1) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | ||||
灌浆前期 Early-filling stage | 间作 Intercropping | |||||||||||
NTSI2 | 31.42a | 31.58a | 34.00a | 4.01a | 4.04a | 4.19ab | 7.83a | 7.83a | 8.11a | |||
NTSSI2 | 29.95ab | 30.26ab | 32.68ab | 3.90ab | 3.90a | 4.09a | 7.67a | 7.75a | 7.98a | |||
CTSI | 30.22ab | 30.64ab | 33.27ab | 3.98a | 3.98a | 4.28a | 7.59a | 7.69ab | 7.78a | |||
CTI | 29.01b | 29.76abc | 32.52abc | 3.84ab | 3.96a | 4.17ab | 7.55a | 7.51abc | 7.81a | |||
单作 Sole cropping | ||||||||||||
NTM2 | 27.75bc | 28.92bc | 30.81c | 3.89ab | 3.95a | 4.18ab | 7.14b | 7.31bc | 7.36b | |||
CTM | 26.82c | 28.12c | 31.50bc | 3.78b | 3.91a | 4.35a | 7.09b | 7.20c | 7.25b | |||
显著性 Significance | ||||||||||||
年份Year (Y) | NS | NS | 0.029 | |||||||||
处理Treatment (T) | 0.020 | 0.043 | 0.002 | |||||||||
年份×处理 Y×T | 0.031 | NS | 0.023 | |||||||||
灌浆中期 Middle-filling stage | 间作 Intercropping | |||||||||||
NTSI2 | 28.98a | 29.99a | 29.55a | 3.74a | 3.84a | 3.71a | 7.76a | 7.82a | 7.97a | |||
NTSSI2 | 27.99a | 28.85ab | 28.88a | 3.67a | 3.75a | 3.75a | 7.62ab | 7.69ab | 7.71ab | |||
CTSI | 26.32b | 27.38bc | 27.70ab | 3.58ab | 3.71a | 3.73a | 7.35b | 7.39bc | 7.43b | |||
CTI | 24.84c | 26.89c | 25.75bc | 3.40b | 3.73a | 3.52b | 7.30bc | 7.20c | 7.31b | |||
单作 Sole cropping | ||||||||||||
NTM2 | 25.27bc | 24.08d | 26.59b | 3.59ab | 3.35b | 3.75a | 7.05cd | 7.20c | 7.08bc | |||
CTM | 22.93d | 22.18e | 24.73c | 3.35b | 3.25b | 3.66ab | 6.84d | 6.82d | 6.75c | |||
显著性 Significance | ||||||||||||
年份Year (Y) | 0.000 | NS | NS | |||||||||
处理Treatment (T) | 0.000 | 0.030 | 0.000 | |||||||||
年份×处理 Y×T | 0.000 | NS | 0.037 | |||||||||
灌浆后期 Late-filling stage | 间作 Intercropping | |||||||||||
NTSI2 | 24.27a | 24.43a | 25.43a | 3.33a | 3.25a | 3.37a | 7.30a | 7.53a | 7.54a | |||
NTSSI2 | 23.28a | 23.08a | 24.33a | 3.25a | 3.15a | 3.34a | 7.15ab | 7.32a | 7.29a | |||
CTSI | 20.60b | 21.27b | 21.68bc | 2.95b | 3.16a | 3.25b | 6.99b | 6.72b | 6.68b | |||
CTI | 19.34c | 19.84bc | 20.98c | 2.77c | 2.93b | 3.19bc | 6.97b | 6.76b | 6.57b | |||
单作 Sole cropping | ||||||||||||
NTM2 | 19.12 c | 21.26b | 22.22b | 2.80c | 3.15a | 3.28b | 6.82bc | 6.74b | 6.78b | |||
CTM | 16.92 d | 18.83c | 19.11d | 2.57d | 3.02ab | 3.11c | 6.57c | 6.23c | 6.15c | |||
显著性 Significance | ||||||||||||
年份Year (Y) | 0.012 | NS | 0.032 | |||||||||
处理Treatment (T) | 0.000 | 0.024 | 0.002 | |||||||||
年份×处理 Y×T | 0.031 | NS | 0.020 |
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