间作小麦秸秆还田对地膜覆盖玉米灌浆期冠层温度及光合生理特性的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2020.23.004

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】作物的光合生理特性是影响产量的重要因素,冠层温度反映作物冠层的能量平衡状况,与作物光合生理特性及产量形成密切相关。研究不同覆盖方式下作物冠层温度与光合生理特性及产量形成,旨在优化耕作制度,提高干旱内陆灌区作物生产潜力。【方法】2014—2016年,在西北干旱灌区,通过田间试验,研究不同小麦秸秆还田及地膜覆盖利用方式下,小麦间作玉米模式中玉米灌浆期的冠层温度及光合生理特性。【结果】间作较单作可降低玉米灌浆期的冠层温度,以免耕小麦带25—30 cm高茬收割覆盖还田与玉米带地膜2年覆盖（NTSI2）,免耕小麦带25—30 cm高茬收割立茬还田与玉米带地膜2年覆盖（NTSSI2）处理降低效果更为显著,较传统耕作每年覆新膜单作（CTM）处理分别降低10.3%与7.5%,比传统翻耕小麦带无秸秆还田与玉米带每年覆新膜（CTI）处理分别降低7.6%与4.7%。从冠气温差可知,NTSI2处理随气温变化玉米灌浆期冠层温度变化较小,可减小气温变化对玉米生长发育造成的不利影响。间作较单作可增大玉米灌浆期的光合速率（P_n）、蒸腾速率（T_r）及叶片水分利用效率（WUE_L）,以NTSI2、NTSSI2处理提高幅度较大,较CTM处理玉米P_n提高比例分别为23.0%与18.1%,较CTI处理提高比例分别为13.4%与8.9%;同理,与CTM处理相比,T_r分别提高7.9%与5.8%,与CTI处理相比,T_r分别提高6.1%与4.1%;NTSI2、NTSSI2处理WUE_L较CTM处理提高14.4%与12.0%,较CTI提高7.2%与4.9%,呈现水分高效利用的潜势。相同的净占地面积下,间作较单作玉米具有增产效应,增产幅度达到52.2%,其中NTSI2、NTSSI2处理较CTM处理分别增产57.2%与53.4%,较CTI处理分别增产17.6%与14.7%,说明免耕地膜2年覆盖与秸秆还田同步应用于间作模式可进一步加强玉米增产效应。【结论】在河西绿洲灌区,集成应用免耕秸秆还田与地膜2年覆盖技术是实现高产高效间作模式的理想耕作措施。

关键词: 小麦间作玉米, 秸秆还田, 地膜覆盖, 冠层温度, 光合生理, 产量

Abstract:

【Objective】The photosynthetic and physiological characteristics are important factors affecting the yield of crops. The canopy temperature reflects the energy balance of crops, which is closely related to the photosynthetic physiology and yield formation of the crop. Study on crop canopy temperature, photosynthetic and physiological characteristics, and yield formation under different straw and plastic mulching methods is of great significance for optimizing cropping system and improving crop production potential in arid oasis irrigation areas. 【Method】The field experiment was conducted in Hexi oasis irrigation region from 2014 to 2016, to determine the effects of straw retention and plastic mulching approaches on canopy temperature and photosynthetic physiological characteristics of maize in wheat-maize intercopping. 【Result】Intercropping could reduce the canopy temperature of maize in the grain filling stage, compared to sole cropping. No-tillage with 25 to 30 cm straw mulching in wheat strip and two-year plastic mulching in maize strip (NTSI2) and no-tillage with 25 to 30 cm straw standing in wheat strip and two-year plastic mulching in maize strip (NTSSI2) had significant effect at reducing the canopy temperature of maize, and reduced the canopy temperature of maize by 10.3% and 7.5%, respectively, compared to sole maize with annual new plastic mulching (CTM), which reduced canopy temperature by 7.6% and 4.7%, respectively, compared to conventional tillage without straw retention in wheat strip and annual new plastic mulching in maize strip (CTI). According to canopy-air temperature difference, it could be seen that NTSI2 treatment had less changes in canopy temperature with air temperature during maize filling stage, which could reduce the adverse effect of temperature change on the growth and development of maize. Intercropping could increase the photosynthetic rate (P_n), transpiration rate (T_r) and leaf water use efficiency (WUE_L) during the grian-filling stage of maize, compared to sole cropping. The treatments on NTSI2 and NTSSI2 had greater P_n of maize by 23.0% and 18.1% than that of CTM, and greater P_n by 13.4% and 8.9% than that of CTI, respectively. Also, NTSI2 and NTSSI2 had greater T_r of maize by 7.9% and 5.8% than that of CTM, and greater T_r by 6.1% and 4.1% than that of CTI, respectively. Thus, NTSI2 and NTSSI2 increased WUE_L of maize by 14.4% and 12.0% than that of CTM, and increased WUE_L by 7.2% and 4.9% than that of CTI, respectively. The treatment on NTSI2 had the highest increasing effect on WUE_L, it also had the potential for efficient use of water. Intercropping increased maize grain yield by 52.2% over sole cropping. The grain yield of NTSI2 and NTSSI2 was 57.2% and 53.4% greater than that of CTM treatment, and was 17.6% and 14.7% greater than that of CTI treatment, respectively. 【Conclusion】 No tillage and 25 to 30 cm straw retention combined with two-year plastic film mulching was the most feasible technology for realizing high yield and efficient utilization of resources of wheat-maize intercropping in the oasis irrigation region.

Key words: wheat-maize intercropping, straw retention, plastic mulching, canopy temperature, photosynthetic physiology, yield

殷文,柴强,于爱忠,赵财,樊志龙,胡发龙,范虹,郭瑶. 间作小麦秸秆还田对地膜覆盖玉米灌浆期冠层温度及光合生理特性的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2020, 53(23): 4764-4776.

YIN Wen,CHAI Qiang,YU AiZhong,ZHAO Cai,FAN ZhiLong,HU FaLong,FAN Hong,GUO Yao. Effects of Intercropped Wheat Straw Retention on Canopy Temperature and Photosynthetic Physiological Characteristics of Intercropped Maize Mulched with Plastic During Grain Filling Stage[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2020, 53(23): 4764-4776.

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https://www.chinaagrisci.com/CN/Y2020/V53/I23/4764

图/表 7

表1

表2

表3

表4

表5

不同种植模式不同处理玉米灌浆期的光合特性差异"

灌浆时期 Grain filling stage	处理 Treatment	光合速率 P_n (μmol·m^-2·s^-1)			蒸腾速率 T_r (mmol·m^-2·s^-1)			叶片水分利用效率 WUE_L (μmol·mmol^-1)
灌浆时期 Grain filling stage	处理 Treatment	2014	2015	2016	2014	2015	2016	2014	2015	2016
灌浆前期 Early-filling stage	间作 Intercropping
	NTSI2	31.42a	31.58a	34.00a	4.01a	4.04a	4.19ab	7.83a	7.83a	8.11a
	NTSSI2	29.95ab	30.26ab	32.68ab	3.90ab	3.90a	4.09a	7.67a	7.75a	7.98a
	CTSI	30.22ab	30.64ab	33.27ab	3.98a	3.98a	4.28a	7.59a	7.69ab	7.78a
	CTI	29.01b	29.76abc	32.52abc	3.84ab	3.96a	4.17ab	7.55a	7.51abc	7.81a
	单作 Sole cropping
	NTM2	27.75bc	28.92bc	30.81c	3.89ab	3.95a	4.18ab	7.14b	7.31bc	7.36b
	CTM	26.82c	28.12c	31.50bc	3.78b	3.91a	4.35a	7.09b	7.20c	7.25b
显著性 Significance
年份Year (Y)		NS			NS			0.029
处理Treatment (T)		0.020			0.043			0.002
年份×处理 Y×T		0.031			NS			0.023
灌浆中期 Middle-filling stage	间作 Intercropping
	NTSI2	28.98a	29.99a	29.55a	3.74a	3.84a	3.71a	7.76a	7.82a	7.97a
	NTSSI2	27.99a	28.85ab	28.88a	3.67a	3.75a	3.75a	7.62ab	7.69ab	7.71ab
	CTSI	26.32b	27.38bc	27.70ab	3.58ab	3.71a	3.73a	7.35b	7.39bc	7.43b
	CTI	24.84c	26.89c	25.75bc	3.40b	3.73a	3.52b	7.30bc	7.20c	7.31b
	单作 Sole cropping
	NTM2	25.27bc	24.08d	26.59b	3.59ab	3.35b	3.75a	7.05cd	7.20c	7.08bc
	CTM	22.93d	22.18e	24.73c	3.35b	3.25b	3.66ab	6.84d	6.82d	6.75c
显著性 Significance
年份Year (Y)		0.000				NS			NS
处理Treatment (T)		0.000				0.030			0.000
年份×处理 Y×T		0.000				NS			0.037
灌浆后期 Late-filling stage	间作 Intercropping
	NTSI2	24.27a	24.43a	25.43a	3.33a	3.25a	3.37a	7.30a	7.53a	7.54a
	NTSSI2	23.28a	23.08a	24.33a	3.25a	3.15a	3.34a	7.15ab	7.32a	7.29a
	CTSI	20.60b	21.27b	21.68bc	2.95b	3.16a	3.25b	6.99b	6.72b	6.68b
	CTI	19.34c	19.84bc	20.98c	2.77c	2.93b	3.19bc	6.97b	6.76b	6.57b
	单作 Sole cropping
	NTM2	19.12 c	21.26b	22.22b	2.80c	3.15a	3.28b	6.82bc	6.74b	6.78b
	CTM	16.92 d	18.83c	19.11d	2.57d	3.02ab	3.11c	6.57c	6.23c	6.15c
显著性 Significance
年份Year (Y)		0.012			NS				0.032
处理Treatment (T)		0.000			0.024				0.002
年份×处理 Y×T		0.031			NS				0.020

表5

图1

图2

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种植模式 Cropping pattern	处理代码 Treatment code	处理设计 Treatment design
单作小麦 Sole wheat	NTSW	25—30 cm高茬收割秸秆覆盖免耕 No-tillage with 25 to 30 cm straw mulching
	NTSSW	25—30 cm高茬收割立茬免耕 No-tillage with 25 to 30 cm straw standing
	CTSW	25—30 cm高茬收割秸秆翻耕 Conventional with 25 to 30 cm straw incorporation
	CTW	传统翻耕无秸秆还田 Conventional tillage without straw retention
单作玉米 Sole maize	NTM2	免耕地膜2年覆盖 No-tillage with two-year plastic mulching
单作玉米 Sole maize	CTM	传统翻耕每年覆新膜 Conventional tillage with annual new plastic mulching
小麦间作玉米 Wheat-maize intercropping	NTSI2	小麦带25—30 cm高茬收割秸秆覆盖免耕 No-tillage with 25 to 30 cm straw mulching in wheat strip
		玉米带免耕地膜2年覆盖 No-tillage with two-year plastic mulching in maize strip
	NTSSI2	小麦带25—30 cm高茬收割立茬免耕 No-tillage with 25 to 30 cm straw standing in wheat strip
		玉米带免耕地膜2年覆盖 No-tillage with two-year plastic mulching in maize strip
	CTSI	小麦带25—30 cm高茬收割秸秆翻耕 Conventional with 25 to 30 cm straw incorporation in wheat strip
		玉米带传统翻耕每年覆新膜 Conventional tillage with annual new plastic mulching in maize strip
	CTI	小麦带传统翻耕无秸秆还田 Conventional tillage without straw retention in wheat strip
		玉米带传统翻耕每年覆新膜 Conventional tillage with annual new plastic mulching in maize strip

种植模式 Cropping pattern	冬储灌 Winter irrigation	玉米生育时期 Maize growth stage						总量 Total
种植模式 Cropping pattern	冬储灌 Winter irrigation	苗期 Seedling	拔节期 Jointing	大喇叭口期 Big flare opening	抽雄吐丝期 Tasseling	开花期 Flowering	灌浆期 Filling	总量 Total
小麦间作玉米 Wheat-maize intercropping	1200	750	900	750	900	750	750	6000
单作玉米 Sole maize	1200		900	750	900	750	750	5250

处理 Treatment	灌浆前期 Early-filling			灌浆中期 Mid-filling			灌浆后期 Late-filling
处理 Treatment	2014	2015	2016	2014	2015	2016	2014	2015	2016
间作 Intercropping
NTSI2	27.39b	29.53d	30.36b	24.39b	24.30c	22.96d	19.12d	23.42d	20.18c
NTSSI2	28.34ab	30.26d	31.40ab	24.90b	24.90bc	23.99cd	19.64cd	24.06cd	21.03bc
CTSI	29.73a	30.69cd	31.75ab	25.01ab	25.58b	24.47bc	20.51bc	24.67c	21.38b
CTI	30.42a	31.59bc	32.26a	25.03ab	26.71a	25.22ab	20.86b	25.97ab	21.74ab
单作 Sole cropping
NTM2	30.25a	31.93ab	32.29a	25.33ab	25.93ab	25.12bc	20.51bc	25.13bc	21.42b
CTM	32.96a	32.96a	32.92a	26.38a	26.81a	26.31a	21.81a	26.50a	22.55a
显著Significance
年份Year (Y)		NS			NS			NS
处理Treatment (T)		0.000			0.002			0.000
年份×处理 Y×T		NS			NS			NS

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	灌浆前期 Early-filling stage	灌浆中期 Middle-filling stage	灌浆后期 Late-filling stage	平均 Average
2014	间作 Intercropping
	NTSI2	0.99e	2.19d	0.72d	1.30e
	NTSSI2	1.94d	2.70c	1.24c	1.96d
	CTSI	3.33c	2.81bc	2.11b	2.75c
	CTI	4.02ab	2.83bc	2.46b	3.10b
	单作 Sole cropping
	NTM2	3.85bc	3.13b	2.11b	3.03bc
	CTM	4.45a	4.18a	3.41a	4.02a
2015	间作 Intercropping
	NTSI2	1.73e	1.90d	1.52f	1.72e
	NTSSI2	2.46d	2.50c	2.16e	2.37d
	CTSI	2.89c	3.18b	2.77d	2.95c
	CTI	3.79b	4.31a	4.07b	4.05b
	单作 Sole cropping
	NTM2	4.13b	3.53b	3.23c	3.63b
	CTM	5.16a	4.41a	4.60a	4.72a
2016	间作 Intercropping
	NTSI2	2.01d	1.67e	1.08e	1.59d
	NTSSI2	3.05c	2.70d	1.93d	2.56c
	CTSI	3.40bc	3.18c	2.28c	2.95bc
	CTI	3.91b	3.93b	2.64b	3.49b
	单作 Sole cropping
	NTM2	3.94b	3.83b	2.32bc	3.36b
	CTM	4.57a	5.02a	3.45a	4.35a
显著性 Significance
年份Year (Y)		NS	NS	NS	NS
处理Treatment (T)		0.000	0.001	0.000	0.000
年份×处理 Y×T		NS	NS	NS	NS