有机-无机肥协同调控小麦-玉米两熟作物产量及土壤培肥效应

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2020.21.005

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】在小麦-玉米两季秸秆全还田条件下,探索不同有机-无机运筹模式对作物产量、氮效率和土壤养分的影响,为小麦-玉米一年两季种植合理利用有机养分资源和科学培肥地力提供理论支撑。【方法】通过设计化肥与不同用量有机肥配合并结合施用秸秆腐熟剂措施,研究不同有机无机运筹模式对产量构成、氮养分吸收、土壤有机质及团聚体等特征的影响。试验共设6个处理,分别为F处理（单施化肥）,FA处理（化肥配秸秆腐熟剂）,FM1处理（化肥配1 500 kg·hm^-2有机肥）,FM2处理（化肥配3 000 kg·hm^-2有机肥）,FM3处理（化肥配4 500 kg·hm^-2有机肥）,FAM2处理（化肥配3 000 kg·hm^-2有机肥和秸秆腐熟剂）。【结果】（1）与单施化肥相比,施用不同用量有机肥和秸秆腐熟剂均可显著增加小麦-玉米籽粒产量,其中FM3处理产量最高,小麦增产20.6%,玉米增产10.6%,FAM2处理小麦增产19.5%,玉米增产8.2%。产量增加源于产量各构成要素的协同提高,小麦以公顷穗数和穗粒数增加较为显著,玉米以行粒数增加最为显著。（2）增施有机肥和秸秆腐熟剂可以促进氮素向籽粒运移,提高氮素收获指数,随有机肥用量增加,小麦和玉米氮素积累量均增加,其中FM3处理和FAM2处理籽粒氮素累积量和收获指数均较高,与F处理达显著差异。配合施用秸秆腐熟剂的FA和FAM2处理较不施菌剂处理周年氮肥偏生产力提高了1.3—1.6 kg·kg^-1。（3）增施有机肥和施用秸秆腐熟剂显著增加土壤全氮、碱解氮和有机质含量,其中FM3处理土壤全氮和有机质含量最高,施用2年后相比F处理全氮增加0.17 g·kg^-1,有机质增加1.97 g·kg^-1。各有机无机配施模式显著降低土壤容重、提高孔隙度和水稳性团聚体比例。【结论】连续2年试验表明,增施有机肥、配施秸秆腐熟剂可以增加小麦-玉米产量,促进籽粒氮素吸收和转运,改善土壤结构和培肥地力,推荐FAM2处理作为本地区小麦-玉米轮作模式下有效的增产及土壤培肥技术模式。

关键词: 有机无机协同, 秸秆腐熟剂, 产量, 氮素效率, 土壤肥力

Abstract:

【Objective】The objectives of this study were to discuss the effects of different organic-inorganic operation modes on crop yield, nitrogen efficiency and soil nutrients characteristics under the condition that wheat-maize straw returning to the field completely in two seasons, so as to provide a theoretical support for rational utilization of organic nutrient resources and scientific soil fertility culture in a wheat-maize cropping system.【Method】The experiment studied effects of different organic-inorganic operation modes on yield composition, nitrogen nutrient absorption, soil organic matter and stable aggregate, through designing the combination of chemical fertilizer with different amounts of organic fertilizer and straw-decomposing inoculant. Six experiment treatments were designed: F treatment was only chemical fertilizer, FA treatment was chemical fertilizer and straw-decomposing inoculants, FM1 treatment was chemical fertilizer and 1 500 kg·hm^-2 organic fertilizer, FM2 treatment was chemical fertilizer and 3 000 kg·hm^-2 organic fertilizer, FM3 treatment was chemical fertilizer and 4 500 kg·hm^-2 organic fertilizer, FAM2 treatment was chemical fertilizer and 3 000 kg·hm^-2 organic fertilizer and straw-decomposing inoculants.【Result】(1)Compared with single chemical fertilizer, application organic fertilizer and straw-decomposing inoculant could significantly increase grain yield of wheat-maize. The yield of chemical fertilizer combined with 4 500 kg·hm^-2 organic fertilizer was the highest, wheat increased by 20.6%, maize by 10.6%. Combined chemical fertilizer with 3 000 kg·hm^-2 organic fertilizer and straw-decomposing inoculant, the yield of wheat and maize increased by 19.5% and 8.2%, respectively. The increase of yield was due to the synergistic improvement of various components. The number of ears and grains per ear of wheat increased significantly and the number of grains per row increased most significantly in maize. (2) The increasing of organic fertilizer and straw-decomposing inoculant could promote the migration of nitrogen to the grain, improve the nitrogen harvest index, and increase the nitrogen accumulation in wheat and maize. The nitrogen accumulation and harvest index for both of FM3 treatment (application with 4 500 kg·hm^-2 organic fertilizer) and FAM2 treatment (application with 3 000 kg·hm^-2 organic fertilizer and straw-decomposing inoculant) were significantly higher than F treatment with single application of chemical fertilizer. Compared the treatment with non-bacterial, the NPFP of FA and FAM2 treatments that combined with straw-decomposing inoculant increased by 1.3-1.6 kg·kg^-1. (3) The content of total nitrogen, alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen and organic matter in the soil were significantly increased by increasing the organic fertilizer and straw-decomposing inoculant. The content of total nitrogen and organic matter in soil of FM3 treatment was the highest, and the annual total nitrogen increased by 0.17 g·kg^-1 and the organic matter increased by 1.97 g·kg^-1 compared with F treatment after two years. Different organic and inorganic application modes significantly reduced soil bulk density and increased soil porosity and water-stable aggregates. 【Conclusion】By two years field experiments, the application of organic fertilizer and straw-decomposing inoculant could increase the yield of wheat and maize, promote nitrogen absorption and transport, and improve soil structure and soil fertility. Under the conditions of this experiment, FAM2 treatment was recommended as an effective fertilization technology model for wheat-maize rotation in this region.

Key words: organic-inorganic synergy, straw-decomposing inoculants, yield, nitrogen efficiency, soil fertility

郑福丽,刘苹,李国生,张柏松,李燕,魏建林,谭德水. 有机-无机肥协同调控小麦-玉米两熟作物产量及土壤培肥效应[J]. 中国农业科学, 2020, 53(21): 4355-4364.

ZHENG FuLi,LIU Ping,LI GuoSheng,ZHANG BoSong,LI Yan,WEI JianLin,TAN DeShui. Organic-Inorganic Coordinated Regulation to Wheat-Maize Double Crop Yield and Soil Fertility[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2020, 53(21): 4355-4364.

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处理 Treatment	有机肥量Organic fertilizer consumption (kg·hm^-2)	有机肥NPK量 Organic fertilizer (kg·hm^-2)			小麦季化肥NPK量 Wheat-chemical fertilizer (kg·hm^-2)			玉米季化肥NPK量 Maize-chemical fertilizer (kg·hm^-2)			小麦季秸秆腐熟剂 Wheat-straw- decomposing inoculant (kg·hm^-2)	玉米季秸秆腐熟剂Maize-straw- decomposing inoculant (kg·hm^-2)
处理 Treatment	有机肥量Organic fertilizer consumption (kg·hm^-2)	N	P₂O₅	K₂O	N	P₂O₅	K₂O	N	P₂O₅	K₂O	小麦季秸秆腐熟剂 Wheat-straw- decomposing inoculant (kg·hm^-2)	玉米季秸秆腐熟剂Maize-straw- decomposing inoculant (kg·hm^-2)
F	0	0	0	0	216	112.5	112.5	195	45	60	0	0
FA	0	0	0	0	216	112.5	112.5	195	45	60	15	15
FM1	1500	32.55	22.20	35.25	216	112.5	112.5	195	45	60	0	0
FM2	3000	65.10	44.40	70.50	216	112.5	112.5	195	45	60	0	0
FM3	4500	97.65	66.60	105.75	216	112.5	112.5	195	45	60	0	0
FAM2	3000	65.10	44.40	70.50	216	112.5	112.5	195	45	60	15	15

处理 Treatment	小麦 Wheat				玉米 Maize
	2018		2019		2018		2019
	产量 Yield (kg·hm^-2)	增产 Increase (%)	产量 Yield (kg·hm^-2)	增产 Increase (%)	产量 Yield (kg·hm^-2)	增产 Increase (%)	产量 Yield (kg·hm^-2)	增产 Increase (%)
F	8820.7c	—	8909.3c	—	7309.0c	—	7362.3c	—
FA	9124.5bc	3.5	9204.0bc	3.3	7551.1bc	3.3	7612.8bc	3.4
FM1	9300.7b	5.4	9680.3b	8.7	7712.3b	5.5	8027.1b	9.0
FM2	9722.7ab	10.2	10160.4ab	14	7737.7b	5.9	8033.1b	9.1
FM3	10479.4a	18.8	10907.1a	22.4	7949.4a	8.8	8273.8a	12.4
FAM2	10335.0a	17.2	10852.5a	21.8	7783.9b	6.5	8081.2b	9.8

处理 Treatment	小麦 Wheat										玉米 Maize
	穗数 Ears per hectare		穗粒数 Grains per spiker		小穗数 spikelet number		千粒重 1000-kernel weight (g)		穗行数 Ear row number		行粒数 Kernel seeds per row		穗长 Ear length (cm)		穗粗 Ear thickness (cm)		百粒重 Hundred-grain weight (g)
	2018	2019	2018	2019	2018	2019	2018	2019	2018	2019	2018	2019	2018	2019	2018	2019	2018	2019
F	510.0b	513.0b	41.6b	41.8b	17.0b	16.9b	41.2a	41.3a	18.6a	18.8a	24.8b	25.0b	13.6b	13.7b	5.1b	5.1b	32.62a	32.78a
FA	526.5b	529.5b	42.1b	42.2b	18.1a	18.2a	42.1a	42.4a	19.5a	19.6a	25.5b	25.8b	14.5ab	14.6ab	5.2ab	5.4ab	31.43a	31.48a
FM1	519.0b	523.5b	42.7b	42.9b	18.4a	18.5a	42.2a	42.4a	18.2a	18.2a	32.0a	32.2a	16.2a	16.4a	5.0b	5.2b	30.02b	30.07b
FM2	552.0a	556.5a	42.0b	42.1b	18.2a	18.1a	42.3a	42.5a	18.3a	18.4a	28.1ab	28.0ab	15.4ab	15.5ab	5.2ab	5.3ab	32.03a	32.13a
FM3	556.5a	561.0a	43.3b	43.6b	17.2ab	17.4ab	43.1a	43.7a	18.1a	18.4a	29.3ab	29.6ab	15.8a	15.9a	5.1b	5.2b	31.11a	31.24a
FAM2	543.0ab	547.5ab	44.6a	45.8a	18.3a	18.4a	42.5a	42.7a	19.2a	19.6a	25.5b	25.7b	14.5ab	14.6ab	5.5a	5.6a	32.05a	32.09a

处理 Treatment	小麦 Wheat								玉米 Maize
	籽粒氮素累积量 Grain nitrogen accumulation (kg·hm^-2)		叶片氮素累积量Leaf nitrogen accumulation (kg·hm^-2)		茎部氮素累积量Stem nitrogen accumulation (kg·hm^-2)		氮素收获指数 NHI (%)		籽粒氮素累积量 Grain nitrogen accumulation (kg·hm^-2)		叶片氮素累积量Leaf nitrogen accumulation (kg·hm^-2)		茎部氮素累积量Stem nitrogen accumulation (kg·hm^-2)		氮素收获指数 NHI (%)
	2018	2019	2018	2019	2018	2019	2018	2019	2018	2019	2018	2019	2018	2019	2018	2019
F	164.3c	167.5c	6.2b	6.3b	25.2ab	25.6ab	84.0c	84.0c	125.3c	126.4c	26.1b	26.3b	25.2c	25.5b	70.9b	70.9b
FA	172.4bc	173.8bc	5.8b	5.9b	26.2a	26.5a	84.2c	84.3c	136.7b	138.9b	26.8b	27.1b	26.4bc	26.7b	72.0a	72.1a
FM1	182.8b	194.8b	6.0b	6.1b	24.5b	25.4ab	86.1b	86.1b	139.4ab	145.3ab	29.2a	30.4a	27.4b	28.6ab	71.0b	71.1ab
FM2	184.3b	195.4ab	5.6b	5.8b	24.7b	25.9a	86.2b	86.1b	142.4a	147.7ab	29.8a	31.1a	29.8a	30.1a	70.9b	70.7b
FM3	207.6a	215.7a	5.7b	5.8b	23.2b	24.0b	87.7a	87.8a	144.9a	151.3a	30.1a	31.4a	28.0ab	29.3a	71.2b	71.4ab
FAM2	200.0a	208.9ab	7.8a	8.2a	25.3a	26.7a	85.4bc	85.3bc	143.7a	149.1a	28.4a	29.7ab	27.4b	28.7a	72.1a	71.9a

处理 Treatment	化肥氮 Fertilizer N (kg·hm^-2)	有机肥氮 Organic N (kg·hm^-2)	氮肥偏生产力 NPFP (kg·kg^-1)
处理 Treatment	化肥氮 Fertilizer N (kg·hm^-2)	有机肥氮 Organic N (kg·hm^-2)	2018	2019
F	411	0	39.2b	39.6b
FA	411	0	40.6a	40.9a
FM1	411	32.55	38.4b	39.9b
FM2	411	65.10	36.7c	38.2bc
FM3	411	97.65	36.2c	37.7c
FAM2	411	65.10	38.1b	39.8b