中国农业科学 ›› 2020, Vol. 53 ›› Issue (21): 4342-4354.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2020.21.004
收稿日期:
2020-05-11
接受日期:
2020-07-29
出版日期:
2020-11-01
发布日期:
2020-11-11
通讯作者:
赵斌
作者简介:
丁相鹏,E-mail:基金资助:
DING XiangPeng(),LI GuangHao,ZHANG JiWang,LIU Peng,REN BaiZhao,ZHAO Bin(
)
Received:
2020-05-11
Accepted:
2020-07-29
Online:
2020-11-01
Published:
2020-11-11
Contact:
Bin ZHAO
摘要:
【目的】 探究控释尿素不同施肥深度对氮素吸收与利用的影响,明确控释尿素一次性基施在黄淮海夏玉米区实现高产、高效、稳产的适宜施肥深度。【方法】 在大田条件下选用郑单958为供试品种,设置不施氮肥(CK)、地表撒施(DP0)、沟施深度5 cm(DP5)、10 cm(DP10)、15 cm(DP15)、20 cm(DP20)、25 cm(DP25)7个处理,系统研究控释尿素基施深度对夏玉米生长发育和产量及氮素利用的影响。【结果】在施用等量控释尿素条件下,施肥深度均对夏玉米产量存在显著影响。夏玉米产量随基施深度增加呈先增后减的趋势,并且2013年和2014年夏玉米产量与施肥深度间的关系符合二次曲线关系,二者的相关性均达到显著水平,2年获得最高产量的理论施肥深度分别为12.5 cm和12.2 cm,而实际生产中DP15处理产量最高,DP15和DP10处理产量差异不显著,较CK分别显著增产16.72%和16.50%(P<0.05)。与DP0处理相比,随施肥深度增加,夏玉米的氮素收获指数、氮肥偏生产力、氮肥农学效率、氮肥利用率均呈现出先增加后降低的趋势,其中氮肥农学效率、氮肥利用率均符合二次曲线关系,氮素收获指数和氮肥农学效率2年平均以DP10处理最大,分别为61.91%和6.68 kg·kg-1,而氮肥偏生产力、氮肥利用率以DP15处理最高,分别为47.27 kg·kg-1和46.97%。施肥深度在10 cm和15 cm 较地表撒施(DP0)能增加土壤硝态氮和铵态氮含量并且减少氮素损失,花后氮素积累量2年均值增加38.93%和41.88%,促进了植株花后氮素积累量,并且分别显著增加夏玉米植株总吸氮量20.45%和22.36%。相关性分析可以看出,夏玉米产量与干物质积累量、氮素总积累量、氮肥偏生产力、氮肥农学效率和氮肥利用率均成显著正相关,与氮素籽粒生产效率成显著负相关。【结论】 在施氮量为225 kg N·hm-2时,控释尿素一次性基施深度控制在10—15 cm可显著提高夏玉米的氮素吸收积累量,增加氮素利用效率,降低氮素损失,提高干物质积累量,最终获得较高籽粒产量,实现高产高效,可作为夏玉米控释尿素种肥同播的适宜施肥深度。
丁相鹏,李广浩,张吉旺,刘鹏,任佰朝,赵斌. 控释尿素基施深度对夏玉米产量和氮素利用的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2020, 53(21): 4342-4354.
DING XiangPeng,LI GuangHao,ZHANG JiWang,LIU Peng,REN BaiZhao,ZHAO Bin. Effects of Base Application Depths of Controlled Release Urea on Yield and Nitrogen Utilization of Summer Maize[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2020, 53(21): 4342-4354.
表1
控释尿素基施深度对夏玉米产量及其构成因素的影响"
年份 Year | 处理 Treatment | 穗长 Ear length (cm) | 秃尖长 Bald tip length (cm) | 穗粒数 Kernel number per spike | 千粒重 Weight of 1000-kernels (g) | 产量 Yield (kg·hm-2) | 收获指数 Harvest index |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2013 | CK | 15.97c | 0.54a | 518.26d | 271.4b | 8902.5d | 0.43b |
DP0 | 16.24b | 0.31ab | 540.94c | 283.7ab | 9954.0bc | 0.49ab | |
DP5 | 16.74b | 0.17b | 544.79bc | 285.0ab | 10137.5b | 0.51a | |
DP10 | 17.22a | 0.19b | 572.71a | 291.8a | 10443.0a | 0.52a | |
DP15 | 17.11a | 0.21b | 579.26a | 295.6a | 10492.5a | 0.52a | |
DP20 | 16.91a | 0.12b | 562.93ab | 286.4a | 10308.3ab | 0.51a | |
DP25 | 16.61b | 0.19b | 526.83cd | 280.3b | 9855.0c | 0.48ab | |
2014 | CK | 16.40a | 0.17a | 527.73c | 301.8c | 9315.0d | 0.47b |
DP0 | 17.04a | 0.11ab | 558.13b | 307.0bc | 10122.0c | 0.48b | |
DP5 | 16.84a | 0.10ab | 561.53b | 317.0ab | 10406.5b | 0.52ab | |
DP10 | 17.12a | 0.03b | 579.33a | 323.3a | 10780.5a | 0.55a | |
DP15 | 17.04a | 0.07ab | 576.26a | 326.2a | 10790.5a | 0.55a | |
DP20 | 16.81a | 0.15a | 567.48ab | 319.6a | 10526.2ab | 0.54a | |
DP25 | 16.63a | 0.09ab | 556.75b | 306.5bc | 10040.5c | 0.51ab | |
方差分析 ANOVA | |||||||
年份(Y) | NS | ** | ** | ** | ** | NS | |
施肥深度(D) | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | * | |
年份×施肥深度(Y×D) | NS | ** | * | * | NS | NS |
表2
控释尿素不同施肥深度对夏玉米氮肥利用效率的影响"
年份 Year | 处理 Treatment | 氮素收获指数 NHI (kg·kg-1) | 氮肥偏生产力 NPFP (kg·kg-1) | 氮肥农学效率 NAE (kg·kg-1) | 氮肥利用率 NUE (%) | 氮素籽粒生产效率 NGPE (kg·kg-1) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2013 | CK | 0.61a | — | — | — | 60.50a |
DP0 | 0.52bc | 44.24a | 4.67c | 27.37c | 47.69bc | |
DP5 | 0.50c | 45.23a | 5.67b | 36.74b | 45.60bc | |
DP10 | 0.61a | 46.41a | 6.85a | 43.77a | 42.51bc | |
DP15 | 0.59ab | 46.63a | 7.07a | 47.15a | 41.43c | |
DP20 | 0.61a | 46.21a | 6.65a | 42.00a | 43.03bc | |
DP25 | 0.52bc | 43.80a | 4.23c | 23.10c | 49.49b | |
2014 | CK | 0.58ab | — | — | — | 57.50a |
DP0 | 0.50c | 41.40b | 4.92c | 24.27c | 48.11b | |
DP5 | 0.55bc | 46.32ab | 5.74b | 34.20b | 44.39bc | |
DP10 | 0.62a | 47.14ab | 6.51a | 44.70a | 41.06c | |
DP15 | 0.60ab | 47.91a | 6.27ab | 46.80a | 40.13c | |
DP20 | 0.55bc | 47.67ab | 5.83ab | 36.90b | 43.37bc | |
DP25 | 0.48c | 45.51ab | 4.11d | 21.00c | 48.94b | |
方差分析 ANOVA | ||||||
年份(Y) | NS | ** | ** | ** | ** | |
施肥深度(D) | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | |
年份×施肥深度(Y×D) | NS | ** | * | * | NS |
表3
夏玉米产量及其构成因素与干物质总积累量、氮素总积累量和氮素利用效率的相关性"
产量 Yield | 干物质积累量 Dry accumulation amount | 氮素总积累量 Total N accumulation | 氮肥偏生产力 NPFP | 氮肥农学效率 NAE | 氮肥利用率 NUE | 氮素籽粒生产效率NGPE | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
产量 Yield | 1 | ||||||
干物质积累量 Dry accumulation amount | 0.990** | 1 | |||||
氮素总积累量 Total N accumulation | 0.981** | 0.993** | 1 | ||||
氮肥偏生产力 NPFP | 0.943** | 0.896** | 0.869* | 1 | |||
氮肥农学效率 NAE | 0.998** | 0.990** | 0.981** | 0.943** | 1 | ||
氮肥利用率 NUE | 0.981** | 0.993** | 0.998** | 0.869* | 0.981** | 1 | |
氮素籽粒生产效率 NGPE | -0.993** | -0.996** | -0.997** | -0.905** | -.993** | -0.997** | 1 |
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