中国农业科学 ›› 2019, Vol. 52 ›› Issue (16): 2824-2834.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2019.16.008
仇少君1,李宁1,何萍1,魏丹2,3,金梁2,赵士诚1,徐新朋1,周卫1
收稿日期:
2019-02-10
接受日期:
2019-05-06
出版日期:
2019-08-16
发布日期:
2019-08-21
作者简介:
仇少君,E-mail:shjunqiu@163.com
基金资助:
QIU ShaoJun1, LI Ning1, HE Ping1, WEI Dan2,3, JIN Liang2, ZHAO ShiCheng1, XU XinPeng1, ZHOU Wei1
Received:
2019-02-10
Accepted:
2019-05-06
Online:
2019-08-16
Published:
2019-08-21
摘要:
【目的】减少化学肥料投入和提高肥料养分利用效率是我国当前重要的农业举措。鉴于化学肥料不合理施用引起的黑土肥力下降和酸化,开展黑土化学肥料减少投入和肥料养分利用效率变化研究,有利于实现黑土化学肥料的科学施用。【方法】于2013—2016年在典型黑土区开展连续4年肥料投入试验,设置了不施肥(CK)、缺氮(PK)、缺磷(NK)、缺钾(NP)、氮磷钾配施处理(NPK)。测定了作物产量、养分吸收、土壤无机氮、速效磷、速效钾。【结果】黑龙江春玉米年产量10 t·hm -2左右,除2013年外,2014—2016年各年份NPK处理春玉米产量、地上部氮磷钾养分吸收显著(P<0.05)高于CK或PK处理产量。除2016年磷素农学效率外,NPK处理肥料氮磷钾养分回收率、农学效率和偏生产力逐年升高。2013—2016年期间,肥料平均氮磷钾回收率分别为45.8%、6.1%和3.5%,农学效率分别为23.2、7.2和5.0 kg·kg -1,偏生产力分别为58.3、133.2和97.7 kg·kg -1。土壤矿质氮测试显示春玉米收获后到次年播种前冻融交替促进土壤有机氮素矿化。4年养分平衡计算的平均值显示NPK处理氮磷施用量基本与春玉米养分吸收量一致,土壤氮磷总体处于平衡状态,作物地上部钾素奢侈吸收导致土壤钾素处于亏缺状态。 【结论】典型黑土区连续4年试验显示,在产量保持稳定的条件下,磷、钾肥能大幅减少,提高磷钾肥利用效率,而不施化学氮肥仅能维持第一年产量,随后的年份里氮肥利用效率提高和产量降低同时发生。
仇少君, 李宁, 何萍, 魏丹, 金梁, 赵士诚, 徐新朋, 周卫. 典型黑土春玉米化学肥料养分利用效率变化研究[J]. 中国农业科学, 2019, 52(16): 2824-2834.
QIU ShaoJun, LI Ning, HE Ping, WEI Dan, JIN Liang, ZHAO ShiCheng, XU XinPeng, ZHOU Wei. Nutrients Use Efficiency Change of Chemical Fertilizers for Spring Maize in a Typical Black Soil[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2019, 52(16): 2824-2834.
表1
2013—2016年不同处理春玉米产量和收获指数"
处理 Treatment | 产量Yield (t·hm-2) | 收获指数Harvest index | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 平均 Average | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 平均 Average | ||
CK | 8.4a | 5.0c | 4.9b | 5.0b | 5.8b | 0.51a | 0.50a | 0.44b | 0.45b | 0.47b | |
PK | 8.8a | 5.1c | 5.4b | 5.5b | 6.2b | 0.54a | 0.44b | 0.43b | 0.44b | 0.46b | |
NK | 8.5a | 8.9b | 9.7a | 11.4a | 9.6a | 0.53a | 0.53a | 0.51a | 0.53a | 0.52a | |
NP | 8.5a | 9.4ab | 10.0a | 11.0a | 9.7a | 0.52a | 0.51a | 0.51a | 0.51a | 0.51a | |
NPK | 8.3a | 10.1a | 10.7a | 11.9a | 10.2a | 0.53a | 0.52a | 0.51a | 0.52a | 0.52a |
表2
2013—2016年不同处理地上部氮磷钾养分吸收量"
处理 Treatment | 氮吸收量N uptake (kg N·hm-2) | 磷吸收量P uptake (kg P·hm-2) | 钾吸收量K uptake (kg K·hm-2) | ||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 平均 Average | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 平均 Average | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 平均 Average | |||
CK | 150.0a | 62.7c | 65.4c | 59.9b | 84.5c | 35.6a | 20.8b | 28.7c | 14.1c | 24.8c | 144.9a | 71.7c | 78.6d | 55.5c | 87.7c | ||
PK | 150.7a | 66.1c | 79.0c | 64.7b | 91.4c | 35.1a | 24.7b | 33.8bc | 16.4bc | 27.5bc | 141.8a | 82.0c | 97.4cd | 70.5bc | 97.9c | ||
NK | 143.4a | 135.0b | 164.3b | 159.7a | 148.7b | 33.6a | 31.8a | 33.2bc | 19.4bc | 29.5b | 141.9a | 115.5b | 114.5bc | 85.9c | 114.5b | ||
NP | 156.9a | 149.6ab | 185.2a | 159.3a | 162.9a | 33.3a | 34.1a | 37.5ab | 20.0b | 31.2ab | 152.3a | 120.1ab | 136.2ab | 122.4a | 132.8ab | ||
NPK | 151.4a | 159.3a | 193.9a | 178.4a | 169.3a | 33.0a | 35.5a | 42.4a | 26.4a | 34.3a | 150.1a | 128.9a | 143.4a | 131.0a | 138.3a |
表3
2014—2016年不同处理播前和收获后0—90 cm土壤剖面NO3--N、NH4+-N和Nmin储量(kgN·hm-2)"
处理 Treatment | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | ||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
播前Pre-sown | 收获Post-harvested | 播前Pre-sown | 收获Post-harvested | 播前Pre-sown | 收获Post-harvested | ||||||||||||||||||
NO3--N | NH4+-N | Nmin | NO3--N | NH4+-N | Nmin | NO3--N | NH4+-N | Nmin | NO3--N | NH4+-N | Nmin | NO3--N | NH4-N | Nmin | NO3--N | NH4+-N | Nmin | ||||||
CK | 120.4a | 41.7b | 162.2a | 61.7a | 5.0a | 66.6a | 41.3c | 108.9b | 150.2c | 53.5b | 31.6a | 85.1bc | 36.3a | 3.7a | 40.0a | 18.3a | 14.1a | 32.5a | |||||
PK | 114.7a | 68.6ab | 183.3a | 73.2a | 7.1a | 80.3a | 62.2c | 102.6b | 164.8bc | 57.0b | 3.3a | 60.3c | 43.7a | 7.7a | 51.4a | 21.0a | 6.3b | 27.3a | |||||
NK | 94.1a | 87.8a | 181.8a | 65.2a | 10.1a | 75.3a | 99.2ab | 108.9b | 208.2ab | 107.4a | 10.6a | 118.0a | 68.9a | 4.9a | 73.8a | 43.3a | 4.5b | 47.8a | |||||
NP | 121.5a | 75.9ab | 197.4a | 72.5a | 8.2a | 80.8a | 71.3bc | 111.1ab | 182.4bc | 117.7a | 8.2a | 125.9a | 60.7ab | 5.5a | 66.2a | 33.9a | 4.6b | 38.5a | |||||
NPK | 159.0a | 100.4a | 259.5a | 77.0a | 9.9a | 86.9a | 114.6a | 130.8a | 245.4a | 68.7b | 5.3a | 74.0c | 66.3a | 4.9a | 71.2a | 36.6a | 6.2b | 42.9a |
表4
2014—2016年不同处理播前和收获后0—30 cm土壤剖面速效磷钾储量(kg·hm-2)"
处理 Treatment | 速效磷Available Phosphorus | 速效钾Available Potassium | |||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | ||||||||||||
播前 Pre-sown | 收获 Post- harvested | 播前 Pre-sown | 收获 Post- harvested | 播前 Pre-sown | 收获 Post- harvested | 播前 Pre-sown | 收获 Post- harvested | 播前 Pre-sown | 收获 Post- harvested | 播前 Pre-sown | 收获 Post- harvested | ||||||
CK | 78.9b | 84.0c | 65.2c | 68.1c | 43.0a | 39.8a | 698.7b | 797.4a | 551.5a | 477.2bc | 504.6a | 489.8a | |||||
PK | 147.9a | 136.6b | 125.4a | 95.7a | 54.7a | 46.9a | 901.1a | 838.4a | 581.5a | 591.1a | 513.7a | 508.5a | |||||
NK | 95.0b | 82.7c | 75.6c | 77.6bc | 46.1a | 39.0a | 795.0ab | 826.8a | 593.7a | 531.1ab | 530.2a | 609.2a | |||||
NP | 147.5a | 132.1b | 108.2ab | 94.1a | 50.3a | 49.0a | 761.9b | 803.6a | 559.2a | 427.5c | 504.9a | 487.1a | |||||
NPK | 154.7a | 149.9a | 101.4b | 86.9ab | 53.4a | 50.2a | 767.0ab | 837.4a | 587.6a | 532.1ab | 520.3a | 508.1a |
表5
2013—1016年不同处理氮磷钾平衡"
处理 Treatment | 氮平衡N balance (kg N·hm-2) | 磷平衡P balance (kg P·hm-2) | 钾平衡K balance (kg K·hm-2) | ||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 平均 Average | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 平均 Average | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 平均 Average | |||
CK | 150.0a | 62.7a | 65.4a | 59.9a | 84.5a | 35.6a | 20.8b | 28.7a | 14.1b | 24.8b | 144.9a | 71.7b | 78.6b | 55.5b | 87.7b | ||
PK | 150.7a | 66.1a | 79.0a | 64.7a | 91.8a | 1.5b | -8.9d | 0.1c | -17.2d | -6.1d | 54.6b | -5.1d | 10.3d | -16.7c | 10.8e | ||
NK | -32.6b | -41.0c | -11.8c | -16.3b | -25.4c | 33.6a | 31.8a | 33.2a | 19.4a | 29.5a | 56.9b | 24.5c | 27.4d | -1.2c | 26.9d | ||
NP | -19.2b | -26.4bc | 9.2b | -16.7b | -13.3b | -0.3b | 0.5c | 3.9bc | -13.6d | -2.4cd | 152.3a | 120.1a | 136.2a | 122.4a | 122.1a | ||
NPK | -25.0b | -16.8b | 17.9b | 2.4b | -6.8b | -0.6b | 1.9c | 8.2b | -7.3c | 0.5c | 62.1b | 37.3c | 53.8c | 43.9b | 41.7c |
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