中国农业科学 ›› 2019, Vol. 52 ›› Issue (10): 1733-1745.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2019.10.007
收稿日期:
2018-11-21
接受日期:
2019-01-14
出版日期:
2019-05-16
发布日期:
2019-05-23
通讯作者:
战秀梅
作者简介:
冯小杰,E-mail: 基金资助:
FENG XiaoJie,ZHAN XiuMei(),WANG XueXin,CHEN Kun,PENG Jing,HAN XiaoRi
Received:
2018-11-21
Accepted:
2019-01-14
Online:
2019-05-16
Published:
2019-05-23
Contact:
XiuMei ZHAN
摘要:
【目的】研究包膜尿素与普通尿素不同配施比例对氮素释放及玉米氮素吸收的影响,旨在筛选有利于东北春玉米高产及氮素高效利用的包膜肥料与普通尿素比例,为控释氮肥在东北地区春玉米生产上的推广应用提供科学依据。【方法】2017年在辽宁省沈阳市和海城市两地以当地主栽品种东单6531和铁研358开展田间试验。供试肥料:树脂包膜尿素和普通尿素。两个试验区均设置了不施氮处理(CK0)、普通尿素常规施氮量(CK)和减氮对照处理(CK1)、树脂包膜尿素较CK减氮处理(T0);沈阳试验区还设置了3个树脂包膜尿素与普通尿素不同配比及减氮处理(T1、T2、T3),海城试验区设置了两个处理(T1、T2)。T1、T2、T3处理包膜尿素和普通尿素的配施比例分别为8:2、6:4、4:6;沈阳试验区常规氮肥用量为244 kg·hm -2,减氮处理施氮量为220 kg·hm -2;海城试验区常规氮肥用量为217 kg·hm -2,减氮处理施氮量为195 kg·hm -2。玉米生长季内各生育时期分别采集土壤和植株样品,测定土壤无机氮含量和植株不同部位养分含量,每个小区单独采收记录产量。 【结果】包膜尿素与普通尿素配施能显著提高玉米产量(P<0.05),且随着配施比例的增加,产量呈先增加后降低趋势,其中T2处理的玉米产量最高(10 250 kg·hm -2),CK1产量最低(9 307 kg·hm -2)。在等氮素条件下,玉米产量表现为T2>T3>T1>T0>CK1,籽粒产量较CK1处理增产幅度为3.89%—25.76%。在减氮10%条件下,T2处理产量与CK处理相比差异不显著。包膜尿素与普通尿素配施能显著提高玉米生育前期土壤中无机氮含量,树脂包膜尿素可以为玉米中后期生长提供氮源,且在等氮条件下,随着包膜肥料与普通尿素配比增加,氮素表观利用率和氮肥农学效益均呈先升高后降低趋势,其中均以T2处理最高,CK1处理最低,两地结果一致。 【结论】包膜尿素与普通尿素配施处理的春玉米产量、氮肥利用率和氮肥农学效益均优于普通尿素处理,其中以T2处理包膜尿素与普通尿素配比为6:4,效果最好;根据两种肥料不同时期的释放特点,通过拟合曲线,在辽中南地区,当62%包膜尿素搭配38%普通尿素条件下,产量、氮素表观利用率和经济效益最高且最合理,可以充分发挥普通尿素和包膜肥料优势,可有效增加春玉米中后期土壤无机氮供应能力,获得显著的增产效果,提高经济效益。
冯小杰,战秀梅,王雪鑫,陈坤,彭靖,韩晓日. 包膜尿素不同配比减施对土壤无机氮含量及玉米氮素吸收的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2019, 52(10): 1733-1745.
FENG XiaoJie,ZHAN XiuMei,WANG XueXin,CHEN Kun,PENG Jing,HAN XiaoRi. Effects of Soil Inorganic Nitrogen and Nitrogen Absorbing by Maize Under the Reduced Application of Coated Urea at Different Proportions[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2019, 52(10): 1733-1745.
表2
春玉米植株氮素阶段累积量"
吸收特点 Absorption characteristics | 处理 Treatment | 苗期—拔节期 SD-SS | 拔节期—大喇叭口期 SS-BS | 大喇叭口期—抽雄期 BS-HS | 抽雄期—乳熟期 HS-FS | 乳熟期—成熟期 FS-MS | 合计 Total |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
阶段吸收量 N accumulation (g/plant) | CK0 | 0.74±0.05a | 1.21±0.08ab | 0.40±0.17b | 0.22±0.10a | 0.37±0.11b | 2.94b |
CK | 0.77±0.04a | 1.29±0.12a | 0.37±0.16a | 0.64±0.05b | 0.59±0.11ab | 3.92a | |
CK1 | 0.84±0.03a | 1.07±0.11abc | 0.61±0.16a | 0.52±0.06b | 0.87±0.19a | 3.90a | |
T0 | 0.83±0.03a | 1.06±0.06abc | 0.44±0.03a | 0.91±0.13a | 0.67±0.10a | 3.90a | |
T1 | 0.76±0.04a | 0.91±0.10c | 0.59±0.05a | 1.14±0.26a | 0.55±0.21ab | 3.95a | |
T2 | 0.74±0.02a | 0.98±0.05bc | 0.58±0.13a | 1.03±0.15a | 0.80±0.26ab | 4.13a | |
T3 | 0.77±0.02a | 1.07±0.03abc | 0.28±0.05a | 1.15±0.10a | 0.68±0.12a | 3.94a | |
占总量比例 N percentage (%) | CK0 | 25.1 | 41.6 | 13.4 | 7.5 | 12.5 | 100 |
CK | 19.4 | 32.5 | 9.5 | 16.4 | 14.9 | 100 | |
CK1 | 21.8 | 27.5 | 15.9 | 13.3 | 22.2 | 100 | |
T0 | 20.8 | 26.7 | 11.1 | 23.3 | 17.2 | 100 | |
T1 | 18.8 | 22.6 | 14.7 | 28.9 | 13.9 | 100 | |
T2 | 18.4 | 24.2 | 14.3 | 25.0 | 19.3 | 100 | |
T3 | 19.3 | 26.7 | 6.9 | 29.1 | 17.2 | 100 |
表3
不同氮肥处理对春玉米产量和氮素利用效率的影响"
试验地点 Experimental sites | 处理 Treatment | 产量 Yield (kg·hm-2) | 增产率 Increased rate (%) | 氮素表观利用率 REN (%) | 氮肥农学 效率 NAE (kg·kg-1) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
比CK增产 Compared to CK | 比CK1增产 Compared to CK1 | |||||
沈阳 | CK0 | 6855d | --- | --- | --- | --- |
Shenyang | CK | 10042ab | --- | 7.9 | 31.6e | 7.7 abc |
CK1 | 9307c | -7.32 | --- | 31.2f | 5.2 d | |
T0 | 9669abc | -3.72 | 3.89 | 32.5d | 6.9 bcd | |
T1 | 9912ab | -1.29 | 6.5 | 35.8b | 7.7 abc | |
T2 | 10250a | 2.06 | 10.12 | 37.4a | 9.5 a | |
T3 | 10068ab | 0.27 | 8.19 | 33.6c | 8.7 ab | |
海城 | CK0 | 7300e | --- | --- | --- | --- |
Haicheng | CK | 11850d | --- | 19.70 | 29.1e | 21.0b |
CK1 | 9900d | -16.46 | --- | 30.3d | 13.3d | |
T0 | 10650c | -10.13 | 7.58 | 31.4c | 17.2c | |
T1 | 11325b | -4.43 | 14.39 | 34.5b | 20.6b | |
T2 | 12450a | 5.06 | 25.76 | 36.3a | 26.4a |
表4
经济效益"
试验地点 Experimental site | 处理 Treatment | 产量 Yield (kg·hm-2) | 产值 Output value (yuan) | 肥料 Fertilizer input (yuan) | 人工 Manual input (yuan) | 总成本 Total cost (yuan) | 净收入 Net income (yuan) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
沈阳 | CK0 | 6855 | 10439 | 1371 | 2250 | 3620 | 6819 |
Shenyang | CK | 10042 | 15264 | 2432 | 2850 | 4681 | 10583 |
CK1 | 9307 | 14146 | 2327 | 2250 | 4577 | 9569 | |
T0 | 9669 | 14696 | 3120 | 2250 | 5370 | 9326 | |
T1 | 9912 | 15066 | 2961 | 2250 | 5211 | 9855 | |
T2 | 10250 | 15577 | 2803 | 2250 | 5053 | 10524 | |
T3 | 10068 | 15305 | 2644 | 2250 | 4894 | 10411 | |
海城 | CK0 | 7300 | 11096 | 1031 | 2250 | 3281 | 7815 |
Haicheng | CK | 11850 | 18012 | 1974 | 2250 | 4224 | 13788 |
CK1 | 9900 | 15048 | 1879 | 2250 | 4129 | 10919 | |
T0 | 10650 | 16188 | 2656 | 2250 | 4906 | 11282 | |
T1 | 11325 | 17214 | 2416 | 2250 | 4666 | 12548 | |
T2 | 12450 | 18924 | 2176 | 2250 | 4426 | 14498 |
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