





 
			中国农业科学 ›› 2018, Vol. 51 ›› Issue (18): 3455-3469.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2018.18.003
        
               		李念念( ), 孙敏(
), 孙敏( ), 高志强, 张娟, 张慧芋, 梁艳妃, 杨清山, 杨珍平, 邓妍
), 高志强, 张娟, 张慧芋, 梁艳妃, 杨清山, 杨珍平, 邓妍
                  
        
        
        
        
    
收稿日期:2018-06-22
									
				
									
				
											接受日期:2018-08-06
									
				
											出版日期:2018-09-16
									
				
											发布日期:2018-09-16
									
			作者简介:联系方式:李念念,Tel:0354-6287187;E-mail:
基金资助:
        
               		NianNian LI( ), Min SUN(
), Min SUN( ), ZhiQiang GAO, Juan ZHANG, HuiYu ZHANG, YanFei LIANG, QingShan YANG, ZhenPing YANG, Yan DENG
), ZhiQiang GAO, Juan ZHANG, HuiYu ZHANG, YanFei LIANG, QingShan YANG, ZhenPing YANG, Yan DENG
			  
			
			
			
                
        
    
Received:2018-06-22
									
				
									
				
											Accepted:2018-08-06
									
				
											Online:2018-09-16
									
				
											Published:2018-09-16
									
			摘要:
【目的】为明确旱地麦田土壤水分变化与植株氮素吸收利用及产量形成的关系,探索极端年型可采取的耕作蓄水、覆盖播种等应急措施。【方法】2011—2016年于山西运城闻喜县开展大田试验,选取2011—2013、2015—2016 3年降雨量极端年份,在休闲期深松和免耕2个耕作基础上,对全膜覆土穴播、膜际条播、常规条播3类播种方式进行研究,分析极端年型休闲期深松蓄水配套覆盖播种对旱地麦田水分消耗与植株氮素吸收和利用关系的影响。【结果】不同降水年型休闲期深松较免耕,覆盖播种较常规条播,播种—拔节阶段土壤耗水量及其比例降低,拔节—开花和开花—成熟两阶段土壤耗水量及其比例增加,生育期总耗水量增加;各生育阶段吸氮量增加,尤其是拔节—开花阶段吸氮比例;花前各器官氮素运转量及其对籽粒的贡献率增加;深松较免耕显著提高产量16%—30%,覆盖播种较常规条播提高产量13%—28%,同时水分利用效率提高,氮素吸收效率和氮素生产效率显著提高。不同降水年型、深松与否均影响了全膜覆土穴播和膜际条播两播种方式对麦田水分消耗、氮素吸收利用、产量、水分和养分利用效率。丰水年深松条件下,全膜覆土穴播较膜际条播生育期总耗水量增加,拔节—开花阶段吸氮量显著增加,叶片中氮素运转量对籽粒的贡献率显著提高,产量、氮素吸收效率和氮素生产效率显著提高;而欠水年和丰水年在未深松条件下,两覆盖播种间生育期总耗水量差异不显著,膜际条播较全膜覆土穴播花前各器官氮素运转量、茎秆+叶鞘氮素积累量对籽粒的贡献率和花后氮素积累量提高,产量提高、氮素吸收效率也显著提高。此外,丰水年播种—拔节0—120 cm,拔节—开花120—300 cm,开花—成熟180—300 cm土层耗水量与花前各器官氮素运转量和花后氮素积累量相关性达显著或极显著水平;欠水年,播种—拔节0—100 cm,拔节—开花120—240 cm,开花—成熟120—300 cm土层耗水量与花前各器官氮素运转量和花后氮素积累量相关性达显著或极显著水平。【结论】旱地小麦休闲期深松、生育期采用覆盖播种可增加小麦生育期耗水,促进各生育阶段植株对氮素的吸收及运转,从而提高产量、水分和养分效率。休闲期深松条件下,丰水年采用全膜覆土穴播,欠水年采用膜际条播,增产增效明显。
李念念, 孙敏, 高志强, 张娟, 张慧芋, 梁艳妃, 杨清山, 杨珍平, 邓妍. 极端年型旱地麦田深松和覆盖播种水分消耗与植株氮素吸收、利用关系的研究[J]. 中国农业科学, 2018, 51(18): 3455-3469.
NianNian LI, Min SUN, ZhiQiang GAO, Juan ZHANG, HuiYu ZHANG, YanFei LIANG, QingShan YANG, ZhenPing YANG, Yan DENG. A Study on the Relationship Between Water Consumption and Nitrogen Absorption, Utilization Under Sub-Soiling During the Fallow Period Plus Mulched-Sowing in Humid and Dry Years of Dryland Wheat[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2018, 51(18): 3455-3469.
 
												
												表1
闻喜试验点的降水量"
| 年份 Year | 休闲期 Fallow period | 播种—越冬 SS-WS | 越冬—拔节 WS-JS | 拔节—开花 JS-AS | 开花—成熟 AS-MS | 总计 Total | 
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2002-2016 | 281.8±14.7 | 58.8±12.4 | 28.5±6.8 | 47.9±10.3 | 61.0±11.7 | 483.4±14.6 | 
| 2009-2010 | 173.1 | 64.5 | 12.6 | 33.9 | 50.9 | 335.0 | 
| 2010-2011 | 401.5 | 27.1 | 19.1 | 22.2 | 64.8 | 534.7 | 
| 2011-2012 | 459.9 | 123.6 | 28.7 | 19.1 | 30.6 | 661.9 | 
| 2012-2013 | 188.4 | 32.8 | 22.4 | 12.0 | 100.1 | 355.7 | 
| 2013-2014 | 288.2 | 43.7 | 23.1 | 104.0 | 30.7 | 489.7 | 
| 2014-2015 | 365.6 | 21.5 | 50.8 | 61.2 | 17.6 | 516.7 | 
| 2015-2016 | 94.7 | 69.0 | 11.0 | 57.1 | 122.8 | 386.8 | 
 
												
												表3
休闲期深松和覆盖播种对旱地小麦各生育阶段耗水量及其所占比例的影响"
| 年份 Year | 耕作 Tillage | 播种方式 Sowing method | 播种—拔节STJ | 拔节—开花JTA | 开花—成熟ATM | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 耗水量 Amount (mm) | 所占比例 Ratio (%) | 耗水量 Amount (mm) | 所占比例 Ratio (%) | 耗水量 Amount(mm) | 所占比例 Ratio (%) | |||
| 丰水年 Humid year (2011-2012) | SS | FSH | 120.50b | 25.39d | 193.31a | 40.74a | 160.70a | 33.87a | 
| FM | 119.03b | 25.97d | 184.75b | 40.31a | 154.54b | 33.72a | ||
| DS | 126.68a | 30.04b | 165.50c | 39.25b | 139.47d | 30.71b | ||
| NT | FSH | 121.86b | 29.88b | 158.09d | 38.77b | 140.86d | 31.35ab | |
| FM | 117.84b | 27.83c | 166.14c | 39.23b | 149.04c | 32.94ab | ||
| DS | 130.70a | 33.48a | 145.33e | 37.22c | 124.40e | 29.30b | ||
| 欠水年 Dry year (2012-2013) | SS | FSH | 90.95bc | 25.32c | 148.04b | 41.21a | 120.23b | 33.47b | 
| FM | 82.93c | 22.34d | 153.93a | 41.47a | 134.35a | 36.19a | ||
| DS | 104.35a | 30.79b | 135.34b | 39.15b | 105.98c | 30.06c | ||
| NT | FSH | 88.93bc | 29.64b | 117.78c | 39.25b | 93.33d | 31.11c | |
| FM | 84.19c | 26.75c | 124.79b | 39.65b | 105.78c | 33.61b | ||
| DS | 95.48ab | 33.42a | 109.12d | 37.39c | 88.92e | 29.19d | ||
| 欠水年 Dry year (2015-2016) | SS | FSH | 100.92ab | 27.23c | 142.03b | 38.32a | 123.98b | 34.45b | 
| FM | 99.64b | 24.40d | 153.78a | 39.20a | 138.87a | 36.40a | ||
| DS | 102.54a | 30.11b | 127.31d | 37.39b | 110.65c | 32.50c | ||
| NT | FSH | 101.63ab | 30.70b | 121.80d | 36.20b | 107.56d | 32.50c | |
| FM | 99.05b | 27.57c | 131.55c | 37.94b | 116.13c | 34.49b | ||
| DS | 102.50a | 34.82a | 106.98e | 34.30c | 93.57e | 30.88d | ||
 
												
												表4
休闲期深松和覆盖播种旱地小麦对各生育阶段吸氮量及其比例的影响"
| 年份 Year | 耕作 Tillage | 播种方式 Sowing method | 播种—拔节STJ | 拔节—开花JTA | 开花—成熟ATM | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 吸氮量 N absorption (kg·hm-2) | 比例 Ratio (%) | 吸氮量 N absorption (kg·hm-2) | 比例 Ratio (%) | 吸氮量 N absorption (kg·hm-2) | 比例 Ratio (%) | |||
| 丰水年 Humid year (2011-2012) | SS | FSH | 59.43a | 28.59bc | 112.21a | 53.99a | 36.19a | 17.41d | 
| FM | 58.74a | 29.85abc | 102.30b | 51.99ab | 35.74a | 18.16d | ||
| DS | 51.59b | 30.13ab | 86.34c | 50.44b | 33.26b | 19.43c | ||
| NT | FSH | 43.47d | 29.15bc | 74.60d | 50.03b | 31.04c | 20.82b | |
| FM | 47.72c | 28.56c | 85.49c | 51.18ab | 33.86b | 20.26bc | ||
| DS | 40.04e | 30.79 a | 59.58e | 45.81c | 30.41c | 23.40a | ||
| 欠水年 Dry year (2012-2013) | SS | FSH | 36.82a | 31.42ab | 57.06b | 48.68b | 23.32a | 19.90bc | 
| FM | 37.92a | 29.43b | 66.66a | 51.74a | 24.27a | 18.83c | ||
| DS | 32.86b | 32.36a | 46.80c | 46.09c | 21.88b | 21.55ab | ||
| NT | FSH | 28.95c | 31.88ab | 41.89d | 46.13c | 19.97bc | 21.99ab | |
| FM | 31.56b | 29.05b | 55.23b | 50.84a | 21.85b | 20.11bc | ||
| DS | 26.15d | 32.71a | 35.28e | 44.12d | 18.53c | 23.17a | ||
| 欠水年 Dry year (2015-2016) | SS | FSH | 30.78b | 28.11ab | 56.23b | 51.35a | 22.50a | 20.54b | 
| FM | 33.78a | 27.97b | 63.77a | 52.80a | 23.23a | 19.23b | ||
| DS | 29.56bc | 29.50a | 48.96c | 48.87b | 21.67b | 21.63ab | ||
| NT | FSH | 26.76c | 29.21a | 45.11d | 49.24ab | 19.73c | 21.54ab | |
| FM | 30.32b | 28.33ab | 54.84b | 51.25a | 21.86b | 20.42b | ||
| DS | 24.28d | 30.10a | 37.30e | 46.25c | 19.08c | 23.65a | ||
 
												
												表5
休闲期深松和覆盖播种对旱地小麦植株开花前各器官氮素运转和开花后氮素积累的影响"
| 年份 Year | 耕作 Tillage | 播种方式 Sowing method | 花前各器官运转量PANT | 花后积累 NAAA | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 叶片Leaf | 茎秆+叶鞘Stem+sheath | 颖壳+穗轴Glume+spike | ||||||||
| 运转量 TA (kg·hm-2) | 贡献率 CP (%) | 运转量 TA (kg·hm-2) | 贡献率 CP (%) | 运转量 TA (kg·hm-2) | 贡献率 CP (%) | 运转量 TA (kg·hm-2) | 贡献率 CP (%) | |||
| 丰水年 Humid year (2011-2012) | SS | FSH | 35.28a | 20.19a | 70.43a | 40.31ab | 32.83a | 18.79a | 36.19a | 20.71f | 
| FM | 31.02b | 19.07b | 67.65b | 41.59a | 28.27b | 17.38a | 35.74a | 21.97e | ||
| DS | 24.97c | 18.00c | 57.14c | 41.21a | 23.30c | 16.80b | 33.26b | 23.99d | ||
| NT | FSH | 21.64e | 18.10c | 47.71d | 39.90b | 19.18d | 16.04b | 31.04c | 25.96b | |
| FM | 25.02c | 18.40c | 56.09c | 41.25a | 22.91c | 16.85b | 31.95c | 23.50c | ||
| DS | 17.41f | 17.07d | 40.30e | 39.51b | 13.86e | 13.59c | 30.41c | 29.83a | ||
| 欠水年 Dry year (2012-2013) | SS | FSH | 17.46b | 19.21a | 37.11b | 40.83b | 13.00b | 14.30a | 23.32a | 25.66c | 
| FM | 19.07a | 19.98a | 42.60a | 42.39a | 14.55a | 14.48a | 24.27a | 24.15d | ||
| DS | 14.55c | 18.85a | 30.80c | 39.90b | 9.98d | 12.92b | 21.88b | 28.33b | ||
| NT | FSH | 12.97d | 18.75a | 27.93d | 40.35b | 8.35e | 12.05b | 19.97bc | 28.85b | |
| FM | 16.56b | 19.36a | 35.90b | 41.97a | 11.22c | 13.12b | 21.85b | 25.55c | ||
| DS | 10.68e | 18.44a | 22.35e | 38.59c | 6.48f | 11.18c | 18.53c | 31.79a | ||
| 欠水年 Dry year (2015-2016) | SS | FSH | 17.89b | 18.74a | 41.70b | 43.67b | 13.39b | 14.03a | 22.50a | 23.56c | 
| FM | 20.76a | 18.83a | 50.04a | 45.37a | 16.25a | 14.74a | 23.23a | 21.07d | ||
| DS | 14.60d | 18.54a | 31.55d | 41.06c | 10.93c | 13.87b | 21.67b | 27.52b | ||
| NT | FSH | 13.25d | 18.20a | 30.33d | 41.69c | 9.45c | 12.99b | 19.73bc | 27.12b | |
| FM | 16.30c | 18.47a | 37.99c | 43.03b | 12.14b | 13.75b | 21.86b | 24.76c | ||
| DS | 11.24e | 17.76a | 25.18e | 39.80d | 7.78d | 12.29c | 19.08c | 30.15a | ||
 
												
												表6
各生育阶段0—3 m土壤耗水量与开花前各器官氮素运转量及开花后氮素积累量的相关系数"
| 年份 Year | 土层 Layer (cm) | 播种—拔节STJ | 拔节—开花JTA | 开花—成熟ATM | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 叶片 Leaf | 茎秆 +叶鞘 Stem +sheath | 颖壳 +穗轴 Glume +spike | 花后 积累 NAAA | 叶片 Leaf | 茎秆 +叶鞘 Stem +sheath | 颖壳 +穗轴 Glume +spike | 花后 积累 NAAA | 叶片 Leaf | 茎秆 +叶鞘 Stem +sheath | 颖壳 +穗轴 Glume +spike | 花后 积累 NAAA | ||
| 丰水年 Humid year (2011 -2012) | 0-20 | 0.9607** | 0.9908** | 0.9823** | 0.9946** | -0.7823 | -0.7598 | -0.7936 | -0.6540 | -0.0406 | -0.2007 | -0.1030 | -0.2173 | 
| 20-40 | 0.9478** | 0.9612** | 0.9652** | 0.9037** | -0.4652 | -0.3371 | -0.3651 | -0.2114 | -0.2805 | -0.3690 | -0.3001 | -0.3336 | |
| 40-60 | 0.9513** | 0.9466** | 0.9420** | 0.9647** | -0.4622 | -0.4389 | -0.4219 | -0.3321 | 0.0013 | -0.0724 | 0.0075 | -0.0377 | |
| 60-80 | 0.9601** | 0.9930 ** | 0.9877** | 0.9697** | 0.7031 | 0.6422 | 0.6930 | 0.6290 | -0.3107 | -0.1366 | -0.1605 | -0.0684 | |
| 80-100 | 0.9682** | 0.9643 ** | 0.9829** | 0.9257** | 0.7312 | 0.7798* | 0.7535* | 0.7049 | -0.2980 | -0.1567 | -0.1711 | -0.0908 | |
| 100-120 | 0.8527** | 0.7596 * | 0.7860* | 0.7043 | 0.8077* | 0.8286* | 0.8170* | 0.7432 | 0.2957 | 0.4266 | 0.3915 | 0.3780 | |
| 120-140 | 0.3869 | 0.2280 | 0.2914 | 0.2474 | 0.9663** | 0.9861** | 0.9919** | 0.9551** | 0.4018 | 0.4954 | 0.4253 | 0.4646 | |
| 140-160 | -0.0278 | -0.0673 | -0.0622 | -0.2198 | 0.9686** | 0.9627** | 0.9701** | 0.9316** | 0.6734 | 0.6885 | 0.6392 | 0.6871 | |
| 160-180 | -0.1960 | -0.3599 | -0.2644 | -0.4900 | 0.9959** | 0.9843** | 0.9907** | 0.9500** | 0.8889* | 0.9634** | 0.9405** | 0.9863** | |
| 180-200 | -0.3985 | -0.5354 | -0.4987 | -0.6467 | 0.9713** | 0.9266** | 0.9482** | 0.9197** | 0.9274** | 0.9177** | 0.9118** | 0.9214** | |
| 200-220 | -0.5807 | -0.6649 | -0.6820 | -0.6753 | 0.9440** | 0.9263** | 0.9239** | 0.9119** | 0.9450** | 0.9854* | 0.9619** | 0.9795** | |
| 220-240 | -0.5655 | -0.5975 | -0.6331 | -0.5755 | 0.9401** | 0.9183** | 0.9260** | 0.9304** | 0.9645** | 0.9724** | 0.9688** | 0.9213** | |
| 240-260 | -0.8650* | -0.8096* | -0.8606* | -0.7975* | 0.8622* | 0.8718* | 0.8700* | 0.8357* | 0.9771** | 0.9846** | 0.9761** | 0.9686** | |
| 260-280 | -0.8870** | -0.7892* | -0.8498* | -0.7365* | 0.9463** | 0.8586* | 0.9042** | 0.8097* | 0.9538** | 0.9753** | 0.9719** | 0.9251** | |
| 280-300 | -0.8237* | -0.8000* | -0.7989* | -0.7063* | 0.7648* | 0.7625* | 0.7815* | 0.6857 | 0.9610** | 0.9036** | 0.9188** | 0.8912** | |
| 欠水年 Dry year (2012 -2013) | 0-20 | 0.9210** | 0.9278** | 0.9277** | 0.9373** | -0.5310 | -0.5555 | -0.4957 | -0.4874 | -0.2262 | -0.1998 | -0.1354 | -0.2252 | 
| 20-40 | 0.9211** | 0.9040** | 0.9586** | 0.9683** | -0.2732 | -0.2943 | -0.2669 | -0.1612 | 0.0576 | 0.0763 | 0.1314 | -0.0003 | |
| 40-60 | 0.9692** | 0.9677** | 0.9568** | 0.9771** | 0.3756 | 0.3335 | 0.4430 | 0.4995 | 0.4314 | 0.4685 | 0.4980 | 0.4055 | |
| 60-80 | 0.9121** | 0.9224** | 0.9294** | 0.9174** | 0.6591 | 0.6182 | 0.7311 | 0.7886* | 0.7459 | 0.7472 | 0.6972 | 0.6058 | |
| 80-100 | 0.9947** | 0.9967** | 0.9836** | 0.9731** | 0.6475 | 0.6220 | 0.7353 | 0.7636* | 0.6276 | 0.5800 | 0.5841 | 0.5309 | |
| 100-120 | 0.6400 | 0.6168 | 0.7007 | 0.7855* | 0.9478** | 0.9586** | 0.9362** | 0.9171** | 0.8381* | 0.8129* | 0.8937** | 0.8836** | |
| 120-140 | 0.5862 | 0.5638 | 0.6151 | 0.7286 | 0.9412** | 0.9660** | 0.9199** | 0.9093** | 0.9442** | 0.9426** | 0.9389** | 0.8850** | |
| 140-160 | 0.2778 | 0.2760 | 0.3507 | 0.4613 | 0.9335** | 0.9292** | 0.9511** | 0.9565** | 0.9399** | 0.9244** | 0.9520** | 0.9895** | |
| 160-180 | -0.7762* | -0.7694* | -0.8199* | -0.8684* | 0.9577** | 0.9538** | 0.9682** | 0.9764** | 0.9391** | 0.9340** | 0.9465** | 0.9671** | |
| 180-200 | -0.8870** | -0.9015** | -0.8987** | -0.9230** | 0.9507** | 0.9593** | 0.9576** | 0.9558** | 0.9202** | 0.9177** | 0.9394** | 0.9477** | |
| 200-220 | -0.8958** | -0.9127** | -0.9295** | -0.9051** | 0.9762** | 0.9690** | 0.9836** | 0.9954** | 0.9574** | 0.9450** | 0.9389** | 0.9663** | |
| 220-240 | -0.8341* | -0.8519* | -0.8719** | -0.8427* | 0.8081* | 0.7995* | 0.8438* | 0.9069** | 0.9742** | 0.9777** | 0.9606** | 0.9737** | |
| 240-260 | -0.7590* | -0.7811* | -0.7973** | -0.7003 | 0.3282 | 0.2575 | 0.3195 | 0.4393 | 0.9730** | 0.9777** | 0.9887** | 0.9715** | |
| 260-280 | -0.8277* | -0.8427* | -0.8169* | -0.7388 | -0.5553 | -0.5149 | -0.6192 | -0.5579 | 0.9715** | 0.9503** | 0.9536** | 0.9453** | |
| 280-300 | -0.7911 | -0.8061 | -0.7419 | -0.6649 | -0.6390 | -0.6586 | -0.6107 | -0.4762 | 0.9280** | 0.9226** | 0.8973** | 0.9175** | |
| 欠水年 Dry year (2015 -2016) | 0-20 | 0.9590** | 0.9777** | 0.9878** | 0.9701** | -0.1653 | -0.1741 | -0.1191 | -0.0585 | 0.7893 | 0.8348 | 0.8845 | 0.8652 | 
| 20-40 | 0.9422** | 0.9443** | 0.9615** | 0.9263** | 0.4818 | 0.5142 | 0.5158 | 0.3691 | 0.7150 | 0.6486 | 0.5899 | 0.4373 | |
| 40-60 | 0.8911** | 0.9051** | 0.9380** | 0.9445* | 0.7549* | 0.7723* | 0.7667* | 0.5694 | 0.7294 | 0.6783 | 0.6776 | 0.6657 | |
| 60-80 | 0.9753** | 0.9821** | 0.9927** | 0.9501** | 0.8193* | 0.8260* | 0.8000* | 0.5870 | 0.5033 | 0.5511 | 0.6275 | 0.7870* | |
| 80-100 | 0.9325** | 0.9476** | 0.9732** | 0.9900** | 0.8491* | 0.8777** | 0.8726* | 0.7041* | 0.5754 | 0.6279 | 0.6909 | 0.8235** | |
| 100-120 | 0.9333** | 0.9398** | 0.9601** | 0.9881** | 0.9762** | 0.9756** | 0.9778** | 0.9028** | 0.7755* | 0.8240* | 0.8653* | 0.8587** | |
| 120-140 | 0.9103** | 0.8858** | 0.8873** | 0.8411** | 0.9213** | 0.9403** | 0.9299** | 0.8575* | 0.9541** | 0.9722** | 0.9820** | 0.9113** | |
| 140-160 | 0.6714 | 0.6079 | 0.5956 | 0.6230 | 0.9603** | 0.9813** | 0.9813** | 0.9029** | 0.9221** | 0.9407** | 0.9359** | 0.9165** | |
| 160-180 | -0.1822 | -0.2586 | -0.3570 | -0.4491 | 0.9543** | 0.9741** | 0.9854** | 0.9303** | 0.9201** | 0.9496** | 0.9616** | 0.8963** | |
| 180-200 | -0.7140 | -0.7372 | -0.7912* | -0.8516* | 0.9506** | 0.9499** | 0.9593** | 0.9254** | 0.9487** | 0.9551** | 0.9463** | 0.8256* | |
| 200-220 | -0.8581* | -0.8421* | -0.8570* | -0.8390* | 0.9167** | 0.9430** | 0.9707** | 0.9885** | 0.9537** | 0.9660** | 0.9697** | 0.9142** | |
| 220-240 | -0.8342* | -0.8297* | -0.8559* | -0.7978* | 0.9559** | 0.9753** | 0.9893** | 0.9270** | 0.9608** | 0.9766** | 0.9743** | 0.8903** | |
| 240-260 | -0.8547* | -0.8401* | -0.8632* | -0.9262** | 0.7146 | 0.6672 | 0.6278 | 0.5764 | 0.9512** | 0.9543** | 0.9663** | 0.9673** | |
| 260-280 | -0.8330* | -0.8294* | -0.8439* | -0.9449** | 0.7410 | 0.7452 | 0.7795 | 0.9077 | 0.9652** | 0.9814** | 0.9796** | 0.9109** | |
| 280-300 | -0.9362** | -0.9288** | -0.8926** | -0.8294* | 0.7061 | 0.7073 | 0.7325 | 0.8912 | 0.9236** | 0.9529** | 0.9739** | 0.9110** | |
 
												
												表7
休闲期深松和覆盖播种对产量和效率的影响"
| 年份 Year | 耕作 Tillage | 播种方式 Sowing method | 产量 Yield (kg·hm-2) | 水分利用效率 WUE (kg·hm-2·mm-1) | 氮素吸收效率 NUP (kg·kg-1) | 氮素收获指数 NHI | 氮素利用效率 NUE (kg·kg-1) | 氮素生产效率 NPE (kg·kg-1) | 
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 丰水年 Humid year (2011-2012) | SS | FHS | 6854.35a | 14.45a | 1.39a | 0.84a | 32.98ab | 45.70a | 
| FM | 6194.60b | 13.52b | 1.31b | 0.83a | 31.48bc | 41.30b | ||
| DS | 5576.45c | 12.03c | 1.14c | 0.81ab | 32.58b | 37.18c | ||
| NT | FHS | 5246.85d | 11.27d | 0.99d | 0.80ab | 35.19a | 34.98d | |
| FM | 5324.85d | 11.88cd | 1.11c | 0.81ab | 31.87bc | 35.50d | ||
| DS | 4120.60e | 10.05e | 0.87e | 0.78b | 31.69bc | 27.47e | ||
| 欠水年 Dry year (2012-2013) | SS | FHS | 3308.89b | 9.20b | 0.78b | 0.78a | 28.19bc | 22.03b | 
| FM | 3713.96a | 10.01a | 0.86a | 0.79a | 28.82b | 24.76a | ||
| DS | 2991.45c | 8.65c | 0.68d | 0.76a | 29.46ab | 19.94c | ||
| NT | FHS | 2709.22d | 9.03c | 0.61e | 0.76a | 29.83ab | 18.06d | |
| FM | 2856.15cd | 9.07c | 0.72c | 0.78a | 26.29c | 19.04cd | ||
| DS | 2473.42e | 8.10d | 0.53f | 0.72a | 30.93a | 16.49e | ||
| 欠水年 Dry year (2015-2016) | SS | FHS | 4185.34b | 11.29b | 0.80b | 0.79ab | 34.77a | 27.90b | 
| FM | 4739.86a | 12.08a | 0.90a | 0.81a | 35.02a | 31.60a | ||
| DS | 3773.35c | 10.79c | 0.70c | 0.75bc | 35.98a | 25.16c | ||
| NT | FHS | 3532.75d | 10.66c | 0.66c | 0.74bc | 35.90a | 23.52d | |
| FM | 4084.38b | 11.78b | 0.76b | 0.78ab | 35.87a | 27.23b | ||
| DS | 3004.89e | 9.92d | 0.60d | 0.70c | 33.28b | 20.03e | 
 
												
												表8
旱地小麦休闲期深松和覆盖播种种植效益"
| 年份 Year | 耕作 Tillage | 播种方式 Sowing method | 投入Input | 收入 Income | 纯收益 Return | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 耕作Tillage | 播种Sow | 地膜Plastic | |||||
| 丰水年 Humid year (2011 -2012) | SS | FHS | 750 | 675 | 1125 | 16450.44 | 11807.44 | 
| FM | 750 | 675 | 450 | 14867.04 | 10899.04 | ||
| DS | 0 | 525 | 0 | 13383.48 | 10765.48 | ||
| NT | FHS | 750 | 675 | 1125 | 12592.44 | 7949.44 | |
| FM | 750 | 675 | 450 | 12779.64 | 8811.64 | ||
| DS | 0 | 525 | 0 | 9889.44 | 7271.44 | ||
| 欠水年 Dry year (2012 -2013) | SS | FHS | 750 | 675 | 1125 | 7929.36 | 3286.36 | 
| FM | 750 | 675 | 450 | 8913.50 | 4945.50 | ||
| DS | 0 | 525 | 0 | 7179.48 | 4561.48 | ||
| NT | FHS | 750 | 675 | 1125 | 6502.13 | 1859.13 | |
| FM | 750 | 675 | 450 | 6854.76 | 2886.76 | ||
| DS | 0 | 525 | 0 | 5936.21 | 3318.21 | ||
| 欠水年 Dry year (2015 -2016) | SS | FHS | 750 | 675 | 1125 | 10044.82 | 5401.82 | 
| FM | 750 | 675 | 450 | 11375.66 | 7407.66 | ||
| DS | 0 | 525 | 0 | 9056.03 | 6438.03 | ||
| NT | FHS | 750 | 675 | 1125 | 8469.00 | 3826.00 | |
| FM | 750 | 675 | 450 | 9802.52 | 5834.52 | ||
| DS | 0 | 525 | 0 | 7211.74 | 5021.74 | ||
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