吉林省不同生态区玉米施磷的增产效应差异

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2017.09.009

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 【目的】明确吉林省玉米施用磷肥的增产效应在生态区及县域尺度上的差异，为优化区域磷肥的施用与配置，实现粮食进一步增产和提高磷肥效率提供依据。【方法】选取2005—2013年吉林省玉米“3414”田间试验中不施磷和推荐施磷处理数据，通过分析区域与县域尺度的作物产量反应、磷肥的农学利用率和肥料贡献率等指标，评估不同生态区玉米施用磷肥的增产效应及其差异。另外，通过建立不施磷处理玉米产量与施磷处理产量、磷肥贡献率的关系，分析不同生态区土壤基础供磷能力的差异对玉米施磷增产效应的影响。【结果】施用磷肥对保障吉林省玉米高产具有重要作用，东部湿润山区、中部半湿润平原区和西部半干旱平原区玉米施磷后分别增产1.4 t·hm^-2(18.4%)、1.2 t·hm^-2(14.5%)和1.7 t·hm^-2(24.7%)。当前推荐施磷条件下，东、中、西部生态区玉米施用磷肥的平均农学利用率分别为23.2、17.5和24.1 kg·kg^-1，而平均肥料贡献率分别为14.6%、11.9%和18.3%。统计分析结果显示，西部地区玉米施磷的增产效果和肥料贡献率高于东、中部地区，而农学利用率东部地区低于中、西部地区。回归分析结果显示，各生态区玉米施磷产量与基础产量之间存在正相关关系，均符合显著的线性模型，东部地区为y=0.855x+2605(R²=0.697**)，中部地区为y=0.846x+2658(R²=0.739**)，西部地区为y= 0.761x+ 3545(R²=0.623**)。各生态区玉米的磷肥贡献率与基础产量之间均存在负相关关系，均符合显著的对数模型，东部地区为y=-21.8 ln(x) + 211.7(R²=0.248**)，中部地区为y=-18.8 ln(x) + 183.3(R²=0.230**)，西部地区为y=-26.7 ln(x) + 257.4(R²=0.342**)。随着土壤基础供磷能力的提升，西部地区玉米施磷产量的增幅和肥料贡献率的降幅较东、中部地区更为明显。【结论】不同生态区的自然环境特点和土壤地力条件显著影响了玉米的磷肥增产效应，生产中应根据区域磷素供应能力和施磷反应特征合理配置和施用磷肥。相比东、中部地区，吉林省西部地区农田的基础磷素供应能力偏低，因而其玉米施磷的增产效应较高，该地区需重视磷肥的科学管理和调控，同时结合其他栽培管理措施以协同提高产量水平和肥料效率。

关键词: 吉林省, 生态区, 磷肥, 玉米产量, 肥料利用效率

Abstract: 【Objective】This study aimed to estimate differences in the effects of P fertilizer application on maize yield increases among the different ecological zones and counties of Jilin province, and further to improve yield level and P fertilizer efficiency by optimizing regional P fertilizer management and allocation. 【Method】A total of 1 110 maize “3414” field experiments were conducted in Jilin province during 2005-2013, the data of the -P (No P fertilizer applied) and +P (P fertilizer applied as recommended) treatments in these experiments were collected in this study, and the indexes such as yield increase, agronomic efficiency (AE) and fertilizer contribution rate (FCR) of P fertilizer were calculated at regional and county levels, aiming to compare maize yield response to P fertilizer among the ecological zones. Moreover, the relationships between maize yield in +P treatment, FCR and the yield in -P treatment were established to investigate the effects of soil indigenous P supply on P fertilizer responses of maize yield among different ecological zones.【Result】The results showed that P fertilizer application played an important role for ensuring high yield in recent maize production of Jilin province. The yield response to P fertilizer was 1.4 t·hm^-2 (18.4%) in the eastern humid mountainous area (EHMA), 1.2 t·hm^-2 (14.5%) in the central semi-humid plain area (CSPA) and 1.7 t·hm^-2 (24.7%) in the western semi-arid plain area (WSPA), respectively. Under current optimal P application rate condition, the averaged 23.2 kg·kg^-1 for AE of P fertilizer being in the EHMA, the averaged 17.5 kg·kg^-1 being in the CSPA, and the averaged 24.1 kg·kg^-1 being in the WSPA; and the values were 14.6%, 11.9%, and 18.3% for FCR of P fertilizer in the three ecological zones, respectively. The results of statistical analysis suggested that maize yield response and FCR of P fertilizer were higher in the WSPA than those in the EHMA and CSPA, while AE was higher in WSPA and CSPA than that in the EHMA. Across all the ecological zones, significant positive and linear correlations were observed in maize yields between -P and +P treatments, the model equation was y =0.855 x + 2605(R²=0.697**) in the EHMA, y=0.846 x + 2658(R²=0.739**) in the CSPA and y=0.761 x + 3545(R²=0.623**) in the WSPA. Meanwhile, significant negative and logarithmic correlations were observed between FCPs of P fertilizer and maize yields in -P treatment, these model equations were y= -21.8 ln(x) + 211.7(R²=0.248**), y= -18.8 ln(x) + 183.3(R²=0.230**) and y = -26.7 ln(x) + 257.4(R²=0.342**) in the three ecological zones, respectively. With the increasing maize yield in -P treatments, WSPA showed higher magnitude of change in maize yield increase in +P treatment but lower performance in FCR of P fertilizer than the other ecological zones.【Conclusion】In conclusion, P fertilizer response to maize yield was significantly affected by ecological zones due to natural environment characteristics and soil fertility, and thereby P fertilizer should be allocated and managed appropriately in the crop production based on regional soil indigenous P supply and crop response to P fertilization. Compared with EHMA and CSPA, soil indigenous P supply was relatively lower in the WSPA whilst greater yield increases were observed when P fertilizer was applied. For the maize production in Jilin province, P fertilizer management and adjustment should receive more attention in the WSPA than the other ecological zones, and also should combine with other cultivation management practices to improve yield level and fertilizer use efficiency simultaneously.

Key words: Jilin province, ecological zones, phosphorous fertilizer, maize yield, fertilizer use efficiency

王寅，郭聃，高强，李翠兰，焉莉，冯国忠，刘振刚，房杰. 吉林省不同生态区玉米施磷的增产效应差异[J]. 中国农业科学, 2017, 50(9): 1635-1645.

WANG Yin, GUO Dan, GAO Qiang, LI CuiLan, YAN Li, FENG GuoZhong, LIU ZhenGang, FANG Jie. Differences in Maize Yield Responses to Phosphorous Fertilizer in Different Ecological Zones of Jilin Province[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2017, 50(9): 1635-1645.

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