秸秆还田深度对土壤温室气体排放及玉米产量的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2020.05.010

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】秸秆还田是培肥地力、增加土壤有机质和改善土壤结构的重要技术手段,但以往的研究表明秸秆还田会加速土壤温室气体的排放。本研究通过对秸秆不同还田深度下农田土壤温室气体排放特征和产量的研究,明确降低温室气体排放量的最佳还田深度,以期为合理利用秸秆、提高作物产量,实现农业可持续发展提供科学依据。【方法】采用大田微区试验,以玉米为供试作物,设置4个还田深度,采用静态箱-气相色谱法测定整个玉米生长季不同还田深度下温室气体（CO₂、CH₄、N₂O）的排放特征,产量及产量构成因素。试验共设5个处理,还田深度分别为0—10 cm（T1）、10—20 cm（T2）、20—30 cm（T3）和30—40 cm（T4）,同时以不还田处理作为对照（CK）。【结果】（1）在整个玉米生长季CO₂和N₂O均表现为排放,CH₄表现为吸收。CO₂累积排放量为T3处理最高,较CK显著增加了28.6%,T4处理增加最少,较CK显著增加了17.1%（P<0.05）,但T1与T4处理之间差异不显著;而N₂O的累积排放量T2处理为最高,与CK相比,累积排放量显著增加111.3%,T4处理增加最少,与CK相比显著增加了12.8%（P<0.05）;CH₄则表现为吸收,且秸秆还田后降低了农田土壤对CH₄的吸收能力,吸收量表现为CK处理>T4处理>T3处理>T1处理>T2处理,且各还田处理与CK之间差异显著（P<0.05）。（2）秸秆不同还田深度下,与对照相比,各处理玉米产量均显著增加,增产在5.6%—20.8%（P<0.05）,但各处理之间的穗长、穗粗和行粒数差异不显著。当秸秆还至30—40 cm时,产量最高,较CK增加了20.8%,表明秸秆还田对提升土壤肥力及作物增产有重要作用。（3）从温室气体综合增温潜势（GWP）和温室气体排放强度（GHGI）来看,在100年尺度上,GWP表现为T2处理>T3处理>T1处理>T4处理>CK处理,而GHGI表现为T2处理>T3处理>T1处理>CK处理>T4处理,表明与CK相比,各处理均增加了玉米季温室气体的综合增温潜势,而T4处理则降低了玉米季温室气体排放强度,说明秸秆深还至30—40 cm可在一定程度上缓解全球增温潜势。【结论】秸秆还田会显著增加CO₂和N₂O排放,降低对CH₄的吸收能力;秸秆深还至30—40 cm可相对降低综合增温潜势,降低温室气体排放强度,同时显著增加玉米产量。因此,为实现较高的玉米产量和较低的温室气体排放强度,秸秆深还至30—40 cm是较为合理的土壤改良培肥方式。

关键词: 温室气体, 秸秆还田深度, 排放通量, 玉米产量, 综合增温潜势

Abstract:

【Objective】 Straw returning is an important technical means to improve soil fertility, increase soil organic matter and improve soil structure. However, previous studies have shown that straw returning can accelerate the emission of greenhouse gases in soil and increase greenhouse effect. Through the study of greenhouse gas emission characteristics and maize yield of farmland soil under different straw returning depths, the optimum returning depths were determined in this study, in order to provide scientific basis for rational utilization of straw, increase crop yield and realize sustainable agricultural development. 【Method】 In the field micro-plot experiment, maize was used as the test crop, and four returning depths were set up, which were 0-10 cm (T1), 10-20 cm (T2), 20-30 cm (T3) and 30-40 cm (T4), respectively. At the same time, the non-returning treatment was used as the control (CK), with a total of five treatments. Static box-gas chromatography was used to determine the greenhouse gases (CO₂, CH₄, N₂O) emission characteristics under different returning depths in whole maize growing season, and yield and yield components at maturity were measured. 【Result】 (1) During the whole maize growing season, both CO₂ and N₂O showed emission, but CH₄ showed absorption. The cumulative emission of CO₂ was the highest under T3 treatment, which increased by 28.6% significantly compared with CK. The increase rate of cumulative emission of CO₂ under T4 treatment was the least, which was significantly increased by 17.1% compared with CK (P<0.05), but the difference between T1 and T4 treatment was not significant; the cumulative emission of N₂O was the highest under T2 treatment. Compared with CK, the cumulative amount of N₂O increased significantly by 111.3%, the increase rate under T4 treatment was the least, and the CK increased significantly by 12.8% (P<0.05). However, CH₄ showed absorption, and the absorption capacity of CH₄ in farmland soil was reduced after straw returning; the absorption capacity was CK treatment>T4 treatment>T1 treatment>T3 treatment>T2 treatment, and there were significant differences between treatments and CK (P<0.05). (2) Compared with the control, the yield of maize in each treatment increased significantly, and the yield increased by 5.6%-20.8% (P<0.05). However, there were no significant difference in ear length, ear diameter and grain number between treatments. When the straw returned to 30-40 cm, the yield was the highest, which increased by 20.76% than that under CK, and it indicated that straw returning had an important effect on improving soil fertility and increasing crop yield. (3) According to the comprehensive greenhouse gas effect (GWP) and greenhouse gas emission intensity (GHGI), on the scale of 100 years, GWP showed T2 treatment>T3 treatment>T1 treatment>T4 treatment>CK treatment, while GHGI showed T2 treatment>T3 treatment>T1 treatment>CK treatment>T4 treatment. Compared with CK, all treatments increased the comprehensive greenhouse gas effect, while T4 treatment reduced greenhouse gas emission intensity in maize season, indicating that straw returning to 30-40 cm could alleviate the global warming trend to a certain extent. 【Conclusion】 Straw returning could increase CO₂ and N₂O emissions significantly, but increase the absorption capacity of CH₄. The straw returning to 30-40 cm could reduce the global warming potential and the intensity of greenhouse gas emissions, and increase the maize yield significantly. Therefore, in order to simultaneously achieve higher maize yield and lower greenhouse gas emission intensity, straw returning to 30-40 cm was a more reasonable way of soil improvement and fertilization.

Key words: greenhouse gases, straw returning depths, emission flux, maize yield, global warming potential

朱晓晴,安晶,马玲,陈松岭,李嘉琦,邹洪涛,张玉龙. 秸秆还田深度对土壤温室气体排放及玉米产量的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2020, 53(5): 977-989.

ZHU XiaoQing,AN Jing,MA Ling,CHEN SongLing,LI JiaQi,ZOU HongTao,ZHANG YuLong. Effects of Different Straw Returning Depths on Soil Greenhouse Gas Emission and Maize Yield[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2020, 53(5): 977-989.

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土壤深度 Soil depth (cm)	pH	容重 Density (g·cm^-3)	有机质 Organic matter (g·kg^-1)	全氮 Total N (g·kg^-1)	碱解氮 Available N (mg·kg^-1)
0-10	7.07	1.12	26.32	0.74	138.68
10-20	6.71	1.45	31.63	0.83	153.50
20-30	6.64	1.52	21.09	0.70	95.42
30-40	6.49	1.64	17.67	0.67	92.46

处理 Treatment	CO₂累积排放量 Total cumulative emission of CO₂ (kg C·hm^-2)	CH₄累积排放量 Total cumulative emission of CH₄ (kg C·hm^-2)	N₂O累积排放量 Total cumulative emission of N2O (kg N·hm^-2)
CK	2714.4±19.4d	-0.20±0.01d	13.6±0.2d
T1	3246.6±25.4c	-0.06±0.01ab	16.2±0.9c
T2	3360.0±40.1b	-0.03±0.01a	28.7±0.4a
T3	3490.3±30.7a	-0.10±0.02b	20.4±0.8b
T4	3178.7±40.7c	-0.15±0.02c	15.3±0.5c

	CO₂	CH₄	N₂O
含水量 Water content (%)	-0.566**	-0.087	-0.125
温度 Temperature (℃)	0.739**	0.028	0.425**

处理 Treatment	百粒重 100-grain weight (g)	穗粗 Ear diameter (cm)	穗长 Ear length (cm)	行粒数 Grain number of row (No.)	产量 Yield (t·hm^-2)
CK	33.12±0.85c	16.05±0.12a	18.68±0.18a	42.50±1.18b	11.75±0.11c
T1	34.05±0.44bc	16.27±0.21a	19.05±0.87a	43.83±1.49b	12.54±0.13b
T2	35.92±0.29ab	16.15±0.55a	19.20±0.99a	44.67±1.33b	12.41±0.07b
T3	36.15±0.16a	16.43±0.41a	19.70±1.06a	45.67±0.92b	14.02±0.11a
T4	36.74±0.86a	16.74±0.17a	20.18±0.99a	49.98±0.79a	14.19±0.04a

处理 Treatment	CH₄GWP (kg CO₂-eq·hm^-2)	N₂O GWP (kg CO₂-eq·hm^-2)	净碳收支 NECB (t·hm^-2)	固碳效应 δSOC (t CO₂-eq·hm^-2)	Net GWP (kg C·hm^-2)	温室气体排放强度GHGI (kg CO₂-eq·t^-1)
CK	-0.27	21.34	1.77	0.45	5193.82	442.03
T1	-0.08	25.44	1.21	0.31	6430.40	512.79
T2	-0.03	45.07	1.95	0.50	11441.70	921.98
T3	-0.13	32.01	1.82	0.47	8013.02	571.54
T4	-0.20	24.07	2.12	0.54	5830.19	410.87